Wiki / Ethik
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Der Begriff Ethik stammt aus dem Griechischen. Er drückt die persönliche Einstellung zum Guten aus.
Der Begriff Moral stammt aus dem Lateinischen. Moral ist den Einzelnen im Interesse der Gesamtbevölkerung zu bevormunden. Moralische Forderungen als "Ethik" darzustellen, ist "Ethik"-ettenschwindel laut Happiness Observer Mai 2009, Institut für Europäische Glücksforschung.
Die fünf Säulen der Moral / Ethik Professor Jonathan Haidt und Cray Joseph basierend auf den Ergebnissen eines Fragebogens mit Antworten von 23.000 US Amerikanern |
| Säule | Wesentliche moralisch-ethische Themen | Unterstützt durch die politische Ausrichtung | ||
| 1. | Fürsorge / Beeinträchtigung | 70 % Interesse | Liberale | Konservative |
| 2. | Gerechtigkeit / Gegenseitigkeit | 30 % Interesse | Liberale | Konservative |
| 3. | Eigengruppenfavorisierung / Gefolgschaft | Stammes- und Sippenbewusstsein | Konservative | |
| 4. | Autorität / Respekt | Konservative | ||
| 5. | Reinheit / Heiligkeit – Unverletzlichkeit | Konservative | ||
Zusammenfassung der Kohlberg-Skala
Präkonventionelle Ebene – 0-9 Jahre, einiger Jugendlicher und vieler jugendlicher und erwachsener Straftäter
Konventionelle Ebene – Großteil der Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen
Zwischen- bzw. Übergangsstufe 18-20-Jährige
Postkonventionelle Ebene – Minderheit von 25% der Erwachsenen, meist erst nach dem 20. Lebensjahr
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Siehe auch: |
Der englische Jurist, Philosoph, Sozialreformer Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) war ein Vordenker des modernen Wohlfahrtsstaats. Er gründete den klassischen Utilitarismus [BW 240], demzufolge eine Handlung auch ethisch hinsichtlich ihrer Nützlichkeit zu bewerten ist. Es gilt, das das Glück Einzelner zum Wohl der Allgemeinheit zu maximieren und das Unglück zu minimieren. Das utilitaristische Prinzip erkennt die Legitimität des Tyrannenmordes und benennt die moralische Pflicht der Zeitgenossen, den Diktator Adolf Hitler zu töten, um weiteres Leid zu verhindern.
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Parameter des moralischen Handelns: |
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Selbstachtung, Umwelt und Erziehung |
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Abtreibung bis zum 3. Monat ist ethisch vertretbar. |
Personal avowals
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Former food speculant M. Wegener was haunted by images of hunger at night while attending a conference on OTC swaps and forwards in Toronto. Following her conscience she left her criminal profession and made public confession. |
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Addressed to school children (and conscience-challenged adults) |
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See also: |
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Friedrich Nietzsche, German nihilist philosopher's quote: "Reality is that which has the combative vigor to assert itself." |
The Five Foundations of Morality Jonathan Haidt and Cray Joseph based on the results of a questionnaire answered by 23,000 US Americans |
| Foundation | Moral / Ethical Issues | Political Tendencies / Parties |
| 1. | Harm / care (70 % interest) | Liberals / Conservatives |
| 2. | Fairness / reciprocity (30 % interest) | Liberals / Conservatives |
| 3. | Ingroup / loyalty (tribal psychology) | Conservatives |
| 4. | Authority / respect | Conservatives |
| 5. | Purity / sanctity | Conservatives |
Source: Jonathan Haidt, social and cultural psychologist, associate Professor of Positive Psychology, University of Virginia,
winner of the Templeton Prize in Positive Psychology, 2001, winner of the Virginia “Outstanding Faculty Award”, 2004,
author of The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom
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| Moral development of Heinz faced with a dilemma | ||
| Stage | Moral focus | Legend |
| 1. | Obedience | Heinz should not steal the medicine because he will consequently be put in prison which will mean he is a bad person. Or: Heinz should steal the medicine because it is only worth $200 and not how much the druggist wanted for it; Heinz had even offered to pay for it and was not stealing anything else. |
| 2. | Self-interest | Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because prison is an awful place, and he would probably languish over a jail cell more than his wife's death. |
| 3. | Conformity | Heinz should steal the medicine because his wife expects it; he wants to be a good husband. Or: Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is bad and he is not a criminal; he tried to do everything he could without breaking the law, you cannot blame him. |
| 4. | Law-and-order | Heinz should not steal the medicine because the law prohibits stealing, making it illegal. Or: Heinz should steal the drug for his wife but also take the prescribed punishment for the crime as well as paying the druggist what he is owed. Criminals cannot just run around without regard for the law; actions have consequences. |
| 5. | Human rights | Heinz should steal the medicine because everyone has a right to choose life, regardless of the law. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because the scientist has a right to fair compensation. Even if his wife is sick, it does not make his actions right. |
| 6. | Universal human ethics | Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the property rights of another person. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly. |
Sources:
- Video presentation by Professor Miller, WMiller25 on Kohlberg's stages of moral development, YouTube film, 9:25 minutes duration, posted 28. March 2008
Brief description of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
- Video presentation Kohlberg Stages of Moral Reasoning, 5:42 minutes duration, posted 26. May 2009
Links zum Thema Ethik und Moral / MoralityLiteraturLiteratur (engl.)
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