SpiritualWiki - Irrtum

"Was, wenn der Nachbar mir den Hammer nicht leihen will?
Gestern schon grüßte er mich nur so flüchtig. Vielleicht war er in Eile.
Aber vielleicht war die Eile nur vorge-
schützt, und er hat etwas gegen mich.
Und was? Ich habe ihm nichts angetan; der bildet sich da etwas ein.
Wenn jemand von mir ein Werkzeug borgen wollte, ich gäbe es ihm sofort.
Und warum er nicht?
Wie kann man einem Mitmenschen einen so einfachen Gefallen abschlagen?
Leute wie dieser Kerl vergiften einem das Leben.
Und da bildet er sich noch ein, ich sei auf ihn angewiesen.
Bloß weil er einen Hammer hat. Jetzt reicht's mir wirklich."' –
Und so stürmt er hinüber, läutet.
Der Nachbar öffnet, doch bevor er "Guten Tag" sagen kann,
schreit ihn unser Mann an:
"Behalten Sie sich Ihren Hammer, Sie Rüpel!"

Quelle: ► Paul Watzlawick (1921-2007) österreichisch-US-amerikanischer Kommunikationswissen-
schaftler, Psychotherapeut, Psychoanalytiker, Soziologe, Philosoph, Autor, S. 37-38, Anleitung zum Unglücklichsein, Piper Verlag, München, Erstausgabe 1983, 1988, 15. Auflage November 2009

Siehe auch: ► Zweifel und ► Geschichtensammlung

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Liste von irrtümlichen Auffassungen

༺༻	Irrtümliche Aussage	Erweiterte Einsicht
1.	Es gibt kein Karma.	Karma ist eine Tatsache – göttliche Aktion/Reaktion.
2.	Ein Mensch stirbt viel zu jung!	Bei der Geburt ist auf nichtlinearer Ebene der Todeszeitpunkt bereits festgelegt. Ein früher Tod ist Teil des persönlichen Karmas oder des Seelenauftrags.
3.	Es gibt kein Weiterleben nach dem Tod.	Die Seele lebt nach dem physischen Tod im Jenseits weiter.
4.	Es gibt nur den Himmel und die Hölle.	Es gibt viele abgestufte Himmel und Höllen, sogenannte "Wohnungen im Hause des Vaters". Der Geist eines Verstorbenen landet in dem Bereich des Jenseits, der seiner Bewusstseinsebene entspricht.
5.	Ein Mensch bleibt nur in Erinnerung aufgrund seiner Leistungen oder Nachkommen.	Gott und alle Seelen erinnern sich an alles. Das Unendliche Feld der Existenz (Akasha-Chronik) zeichnet alles auf. Nichts wird vergessen.
6.	Beliebtheit und allgemeiner Konsens müssen stimmen.	Popularität kann ein Symptom der Verblendung (Glamorisierung) sein.
7.	Intelligenz ist ein Anzeichen von Weisheit.	Intelligenz speichert Wissensdaten. Weisheit ist ein Ausdruck des göttlichen SELBSTes.
8.	Geld macht glücklich.	Geldbesitz und Existenzangst laufen parallel. Reiche begehen Selbstmord. Wohlstand per se vermittelt keinen Seelenfrieden. Glück stellt sich im Schwingungsfeld eines erweiterten Bewusstseinsrahmens ein.
9.	Eine Notlüge schadet niemandem.	Alle Unwahrheiten ziehen karmische Folgen nach sich. Das Feld übersieht nichts.
10.	Ein Mensch kann sich nicht ändern.	Innerhalb der Schöpfung/Evolution gibt es bei allem Möglichkeiten mit der Neigung, sich zu verwirklichen. Die unendlichen Möglichkeiten können das tatsächliche Ergebnis verändern.
11.	Medienschaffende, Einflussgeber und Regierende sprechen die Wahrheit.	Die glamorisierende Verblendung unter den Schönen, Reichen und Mächtigen ist statistisch gesehen weit von der Wahrheit entfernt.
12.	Man kann die Wahrheit nicht vom Irrtum unterscheiden.	Die Möglichkeit der Bewusstseinsmessung durch Muskeltest steht den Menschen des 3. Jahrtausends zur Verfügung.
13.	Was wir nicht sehen oder glauben können, darf es nicht geben.	Die lineare Welt macht nur 3% der Existenz aus. Der Großteil der Existenz ist aus irdischer Perspektive unsichtbar.
14.	Man muss eine Meinung haben oder für oder gegen etwas sein.	Meinungen unterliegen dem Irrtum. Das Ego will Recht haben und lechzt nach Meinung oder Standpunkten. Es glaubt, es müsse die Umwelt kontrollieren oder besprechen.
15.	Würdenträger, Reiche oder Prominente sind hierarchisch bedeutender.	Als Gottes Kinder sind alle Menschen ebenbürtig und mit Menschenwürde ausgestattet. Die Stolzkultur unterstützt eine außen- und statusorientierte Haltung.
16.	Der Mensch beherrscht sein Schicksal.	Im Bereich der Linearität ist Kontrolle illusionär. Im Rahmen seiner individuellen und kollektiven Gegebenheiten verfügt der Mensch über Entscheidungsfreiheit.
17.	Übeltäter zu töten, auszuweisen oder geradezubiegen, beendigt das Böse.
18.	Gott straft die Menschen, weil sie seine Wünsche nicht erfüllen.	Gott braucht nichts. Der Mensch projiziert Bedürftigkeit auf Gott.

Siehe auch: ► Gruppenstrukturen (Stämme) in Firmen und der Gesellschaft – David Logan

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Zitate zum Thema Irrtum / Error

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Zitate von D. Hawkins

⚠ Achtung Siehe Power vs. Truth (engl.) Januar 2013

Der luziferische Irrtum besteht darin, dass ein Geistwesen, obwohl es sich über das normale menschliche Karma hinaus entwickelt hat, immer noch den karmischen Gesetzen des Universums und Gott unterworfen bleibt.
Licht des Alls. Die Wirklichkeit des Göttlichen, Kapitel 15 "Karma", S. 352, 2006

Der grundlegende Irrtum des spirituellen Stolzes liegt in der Vorstellung und dem Herrschaftsanspruch des Egos als angeblichem Urheber und ausführendes Prinzip von Handlungen und Erfolgen des Tuns. Sein Anspruch auf Aner-
kennung ist mit einer Glühbirne vergleichbar, die sich das Verdienst des Lichts zuschreibt, während die Quelle ihrer Kraft aus der unpersönlichen Energie der Elektrizität stammt.
Erleuchtung ist möglich. Wie man die Ebenen des Bewusstseins durchschreitet, S. 172, 2008

Ein Problem bei der Benutzung des Geistes, um Wahrheit zu entdecken, besteht darin, dass er den Wald nicht von den Bäumen unterscheiden kann und sich stattdessen auf problematische, unbedeutende Randfragen und Umwege konzentriert, wie zum Beispiel: Saß der Buddha "wirklich" unter einem Bodhibaum? Oder, wo hat Jesus sei-
ne "verlorenen" Jahre verbracht? Hat sich das Rote Meer wirklich geteilt? Ist die wichtigste, ewige Wahrheit, welche die Menschheit retten würde, irgendwo in einer Höhle verloren gegangen? Wird die Welt 2068 enden? Leben wir jetzt in den "Endzeiten"? Sind UFO-Botschafter hier, um uns zu retten? Das Ego liebt es, mit hypothetischen Vorstellungen herumzuspielen, und streckt so seine Anziehung in falsche Richtungen aus. Wenn die Fragen großen Wert gehabt hätten, wären sie von Jesus, Buddha, Krishna und den großen Weisen durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch si-
cher erwähnt worden. Hingabe an Gott. Der mystische Weg aus der Dualität, S. 235, 2009

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Quotes by D. Hawkins

⚠ Caveat See Power vs. Truth, January 2013

Personal avowals

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Moral scrupulosity is a form of neurosis.

Mistakes and errors are things, for which we forgive ourselves. I learned that it in counseling. I once told you I had moral over-conscience. So I would berate my-
self for making the slightest mistake, or error, you know. Uh ... scrupulosity, that's what they called it. Moral scrupulosity.
So, moral scrupulosity is not being spiritual. It's being ... uh ... neurotic. So, I had to go for counseling [...] about moral scrupulosity, that error is intrinsic to the human and, therefore, the willingness to forgive yourself and forgive others. Forgive yourself, forgive self and forgive […] forgive others.
Sedona Seminar What is Truth? The Absolute, DVD 2 of 3, track 11, minute ~56:00, 21. July 2007

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Hawkins referencing possible errors in his teachings.:

And if I make any mistakes, if any of the teachings that I've taught in these classes is in error, I promise you, I will speak for you before The Father. That it was my teaching, my error, my shortcoming. To own the source of the error is here.
Prescott Seminar Freedom. Morality and Ethics, 3 DVD set, 8. November 2008

⚠ Caveat See Power vs. Truth, January 2013

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Fatal errors:

Subjectivity – Context –
Consciousness – Causality

The fatal faults of all thought systems have been, primarily:
1. failure to differentiate between subjective and objective;
2. disregard of the limitation of context inherent in basic design and terminology;
3. ignorance of the nature of consciousness itself; and
4. misunderstanding of the nature of causality.

Power vs. Force. The Hidden Determinants of Human Behavior, "Introduction", S. 26, Hay House, February 2002

Along with giving up guilt, it is also very helpful to give up sin as a reality. Error is correctible; sin is a mistake and is forgiveable. Most of what people call sin is an attachment, an emotionality stemming from the child within. It is actually the child who lies, steals, cheats, calls other people names, and hits other people; therefore, sin is really immaturity
and ignorance of the true nature of Reality and the nature of consciousness.
The Eye of the I From Which Nothing is Hidden, S. 144, first paragraph, 2001

Within truth, no arguments are possible.
Only that which actually exists has Reality. There is no 'true versus false'. That which is called 'false' has neither existence nor reality, and only that which is true has existence; anything thought to be otherwise is illusion and falls away. The Eye of the I From Which Nothing is Hidden, chapter 12, S. 246, 2001

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Love has the power to sweep away obstacles and errors.

Love is transformative; its power sweeps away all obstacles. It is both the means and the end. It brings forth willingness and the capacity to surrender. It brings forth compassion and the desire to understand. With understanding, forgiveness ensues. With the relinquishment of positionality, one then realizes there is nothing to forgive. Judgement dissolves and condemnation and hatred are no longer possible. Ignorance born of innocence is seen to be the only 'defect' that needs to be transcended. It is seen that the nature of Creation is as it is and not in need of correction.
The Eye of the I From Which Nothing is Hidden, chapter 15, S. 295-296, 2001

Question: How do spiritual errors come about?
Answer: What follows may sound abstract. The error occurs within consciousness itself before there is even any 'person' involved. The error is the belief that there is an opposite to Truth. This may sound difficult unless we go back to the basic understanding that only Truth, Allness, God, existence are actual possibilities.
The Eye of the I from Which Nothing is Hidden, S. 343, Veritas Publishing, revised edition 2002

No "not" is possible in Reality, which includes the totality of all that exists and therefore "IS". All error arises from the
"is not" and therefore has no reality or need for it to be explained or answered. No error is possible in what actually
"IS". The Eye of the I from Which Nothing is Hidden, S. 358, Veritas Publishing, revised edition 2002

The limitation of man's consciousness to a level that is vulnerable to error is historically ascribed to the vanity of the desire for power as knowledge. Thus, man, shortly after his creation, became unenlightened and subject to error.
The Eye of the I from Which Nothing is Hidden, S. 402, Veritas Publishing, revised edition 2002

The lowest levels of consciousness (tamas) are expressed in society collectively as
squalor, crime, poverty, indifference, sloth, coarseness, abusiveness, early death, high birth and infant mortality rates; drunkenness, gross language, overt hostility and defiance, lack of education, defilement of beauty, peace, and Nature, and disdain for the sacredness of life.

Cruelty is rampant, and ugliness is celebrated by grossness of musical lyrics, profanity, and sacrilege.
I. Reality and Subjectivity, Kindle location 2881, 2003

In reality nothing thoughts say about oneself or other people have any reality. All statements are fallacious and represent programming and positionality. I. Reality and Subjectivity, S. 25, 2003

Past errors are to be looked at with compassion as well as responsibility, which is the only way to correct an error.
One has to clarify the intention of the act at the time as well as the difference between guilt and regret. Regret is
often more appropriate for past actions that did not turn out well. True guilt applies to intention, whereas regret re-
fers to unfavorable outcome. I. Reality and Subjectivity, S. 159, 2003

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Question:

How can error be prevented or corrected?

First, one needs to be aware of the qualities that must be inherent for Divinity to be Divinity and to be the Infinity called God, that is, beyond form; beyond duality; beyond human attributes without parts, actions, or motives; complete and total; beyond time and space, without beginning or end; and lacking in nothing. Out of this Supreme arise infinite compassion, stillness, silence, and peace.
Second, one must have a knowledge of the ego, its mechanisms, and its structure, which all rely on form and duality. Then, when any variation arises from what is known to be true, as described above, the origins of the error can be diagnosed to a specific ego function that is calibratable.
Third, the veracity of all teachings is subject to confirmation with the method of muscle testing and calibrating
the levels of truth. Thus, these errors can be tracked to their origins, which are specifically positionalities and
the true bases for the errors.
Fourth, adequate explanation of the teachings of higher truth needs to be presented in sufficient detail to pre-
vent misunderstanding. Errors in history have been due to inadequate depth and breadth of explanation, and,
therefore, the expositions of truth lack the protective buttress of understanding. Errors arise from concepts be-
cause of a lack of clarity about context. They are also purposely promulgated for ulterior motives and control
over others. Ultimate truth is realized as pure, radical subjectivity. It is self-revealing and beyond argument.
Finally, of great value would be a reassessment of scriptures and spiritual teachings through the use of the calibration research method. Deviations can then be explained and resolved.

I. Reality and Subjectivity, chapter 18, S. 298-299, 2003

Reality is radical in that it does not cater to positionalities which are described as niceness. The Zen of Truth is
direct and precisely confrontational to delusional fallacy. I. Reality and Subjectivity, chapter 18, S. 328, 2003

The power of love is demonstrated by the act of giving, and the weakness of the ego is shown by its neediness and insufficiency. Because the continuance of the ego is dependent on fulfilling its basic needs, it lives in fear (all mega-
lomaniacs are paranoid), whereas love is fearless.
Truth vs. Falsehood. How to Tell the Difference, chapter 4 "The Evolution of Consciousness", S. 41, 2005

Error can be precluded by being alert to the ego’s desire to survive by taking over spiritual process.
Transcending Levels of Consciousness. The Stairway to Enlightenment, section V "Overview", S. 318, 2006

Mentalization is the processing of symbols at random. Linear thought is prone to error as it deals with content.
The content is known by virtue of the quality of awareness, which is the attractor field fo consciousness by which contextualization occurs. Content thinks; the field knows. In contrast, Self is.
Transcending Levels of Consciousness. The Stairway to Enlightenment, chapter 13, S. 229, 2006

Humor arises from abundance of good will. It offsets and precludes emotional pain and anxiety, and it transcends
the negative by exposing unspoken fallacies that would otherwise be unapproachable.
Transcending Levels of Consciousness. The Stairway to Enlightenment, S. 362, 2006

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Astral circus – glamorization of otherworldly entities

The so-called 'astral circus' was at its most influential in ancient Mesopotamia. The expertise of the adepts, many of whom are still the same as they were in that era, have perfected their skills over long periods of earthly time. Like an experienced expert salesman, they intuitively pick up on a vulnerability or a weakness, especially the proneness to glamorization.
If such entities were indeed what they claim to be, they would have long ago evolved on to the celestial realms.
Discovery of the Presence of God. Devotional Nonduality, chapter 5, S. 94, 2007

Even the ego that 'should have known better' actually did not, or it would not have made an error.
Discovery of the Presence of God. Devotional Nonduality. Devotional Nonduality, S. 141, 2007

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Threshold between power ⇔ ‘out there’ force

Holding to these positions [below LoC 200] results in giving one’s power away. Doing so says that the sources of meaning, happiness, and value are something outside oneself; they are somewhere ‘out there’. These positions come from lack. "If it is out there, it is something I have to get. If it is something I have to get, it means I lack it, or that something could stand in my way of getting it." To live in that kind of world is to always live in danger and under threat because some-
thing outside of oneself can block the attainment of something or take it away. It is the world of victimhood because people have given away their power to the world. Healing and Recovery, chapter 3 "Stress", S. 91, 2009

When looking at what the world calls ego, or what spiritual work calls ego, instead of condemning it, we can see, out
of innocence, that is what we believed at the time. What we did was appropriate if that software program had been
correct. Therefore, we do not ever really make a ‘mistake’ in our spiritual work. Everything is on purpose once we
set our intention to achieve an understanding of the truth and be open to Grace so that the truth may be revealed
in whatever way we wish to hold in mind, in whatever expression is most appropriate. It is important to remember
that we have asked for all that is in error (i.e., ignorance) to be brought up for recognition. It is all right to do that
if we realize our innate innocence at the same time.
Healing and Recovery, chapter 5 "Spiritual First Aid", S. 167, 2009

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Zitate von anderen Quellen

Wir sind aus Gott. Wer Gott kennt, hört auf uns; wer nicht aus Gott ist, hört nicht auf uns.
Daran erkennen wir den Geist der Wahrheit und den Geist des Irrtums.
1. Johannes 4, 6 (NT)

Vater, vergib ihnen, denn sie wissen nicht, was sie tun. Jesus, Lukas 23, 34 (NT)

Deshalb sendet ihnen Gott eine wirksame Kraft des Irrtums, dass sie der Lüge glauben, damit
alle gerichtet werden, die der Wahrheit nicht geglaubt, sondern Wohlgefallen gefunden haben an
der Ungerechtigkeit. 2. Thessalonicher 2, 11 (NT)

Schlussfolgerungen

Der größte Irrtum besteht darin, den Körper heilen zu wollen, ohne an den Geist und die Seele zu denken. Doch Körper, Geist und Seele sind eins und sollen nicht getrennt behandelt werden. Platon [BW 485] (427-347 v. Chr.) vorchristlicher altgriechischer Philosoph, Begründer der abendländischen Philosophie, zitiert in: Günter Heiß, Krebs... was nun?
Leben mit Krebs – Perspektiven in das 21. Jahrhundert, "Einleitung", S. 65, Günter Heiß, 2001

Es gibt zwei Möglichkeiten, sich täuschen zu lassen.
1. Man soll glauben, was nicht wahr ist.
2. Das andere ist, sich zu weigern zu glauben, was wahr ist.

Søren Kierkegaard [BW 410] (1813-1855) dänischer existentialistischer Philosoph, Theologe, Schriftsteller, Works of Love,
verfasst 1847, S. 23, Harper Perennial, 1962; zitiert in: Zitate berühmter Personen

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Primäreffekt

Was dem Herzen widerstrebt, lässt der Kopf nicht ein. Manche Irrtümer halten wir unser Leben hindurch fest und hüten uns, jemals ihren Grund zu prüfen, bloß aus einer uns selber unbewussten Furcht, die Entdeckung machen zu können, dass wir so lange und so oft das Falsche geglaubt und behauptet haben. — So wird denn täglich unser Intellekt durch die Gaukeleien der Neigung betört und bestochen. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) deutscher Philosoph, Hochschullehrer, Schriftsteller, Sämtliche Werke. Textkritisch bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Wolfgang Frhr. von Löhneysen, fünf Bände, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1. Januar 1976, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1986

Einsichten

Es ist erstaunlich, wie vorurteilsfrei wir zu denken vermögen, wenn es gilt, eine Dummheit vor uns selbst zu recht-
fertigen. Karl Heinrich Waggerl (1897-1973) österreichischer Schriftsteller, zitiert in: Gute Zitate

Der Irrtum wiederholt sich immerfort in der Tat, deswegen muss man das Wahre unermüdlich in Worten wiederholen.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [BW 465] (1749-1832) deutscher Universalgelehrter, Bühnendichter, Schriftsteller, West-östlicher Divan. Epen. Maximen und Reflexionen, 1819, erweitert 1827, Maximen und Reflexionen. Aphorismen und Aufzeichnungen.
Nach den Handschriften des Goethe- und Schiller-Archivs, herausgegeben von Max Hecker, 1907; zitiert in: Aphorismen.de

Der törigste von allen Irrtümern ist, wenn junge, gute Köpfe glauben, ihre Originalität zu verlieren, indem sie das
Wahre anerkennen, was von andern schon anerkannt worden.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [BW 465] (1749-1832) deutscher Universalgelehrter, Bühnendichter, Schriftsteller, West-östlicher Divan. Epen. Maximen und Reflexionen, 1819, erweitert 1827, Maximen und Reflexionen. Aphorismen und Aufzeichnungen.
Nach den Handschriften des Goethe- und Schiller-Archivs, herausgegeben von Max Hecker, 1907; aus "Kunst und Altertum",
5. Band 1. Heft, 1824; zitiert in: Aphorismen.de

Den größten Fehler, den man im Leben machen kann, ist, immer Angst zu haben, einen Fehler zu machen.
Elbert Hubbard (1856-1915) US American artist, philosopher, publisher, writer, The Note Book of Elbert Hubbard, S. 129, The Roycrafters, 1927, fälschlich zugeschrieben Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) deutscher Theologe, siehe dazu: Falschzitate

Der große Geist, der es wagt, das Alte als das Falsche zu bezeichnen, muss darauf gefasst sein, dass die Menge
seine neue Wahrheit für einen neuen Irrtum erklärt und den alten Irrtum als unumstößliche, durch Jahrhunderte
geheiligte Wahrheit festhält. [...]
Groß ist auch die Zahl derer, die in der falschen Theorie alt geworden und mit ihr verwachsen sind, die die Arbeit
scheuen, diese liebgewordenen Vorstellungen aus ihrem Geiste herauszureißen und durch neue zu ersetzen. Diese
große Schar verbindet sich mit jenen, die in der alten Theorie eine Stütze ihrer eigenen Macht und ihres Ansehens
fanden, und so schließlich Vorurteil, Phlegma und Egoismus einen Bund gegen den Neuen, den sie als Neuerer
und Empörer mit allen Mitteln bekämpfen. Aber die Geschichte lehrt, dass keine Gewalt auf Erden mächtig genug
ist, die Wahrheit für immer zu unterdrücken [...] und stellt seine Gegner für alle Zukunft an den Pranger. [...]
Denn die Geschichte zeigt, dass Zweifel an Systemen selbst wenn sie Jahrtausende gegolten hätten, nicht nur ge-
rechtfertigt, sondern sogar für die weitere Entwicklung notwendig sind.
Adolph Diesterweg (1790-1866) deutscher Pädagoge, Autor, Arnold Schwaßmann, Herausgeber, Wilhelm M. Meyer, Bearbeiter,
Populäre Himmelskunde, S. 411, Henri Grand Verlag, Hamburg, 31. Auflage 1921, Salzwasser Verlag, 2012

Eine Erkenntnis von heute kann die Tochter eines Irrtums von gestern sein.
Marie Freifrau von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830-1916) österreichische Aphoristikerin, Erzählerin, Novelistin, Schriftstellerin, Gesammelte Schriften. Erster Band. Aphorismen. Parabeln, Märchen und Gedichte, S. 57, Gebrüder Paetel Verlag, Berlin,
1893, Fünfhundert Aphorismen, 1911, Verlag Der Wissenschaften, 18. August 2017

Irrtum ist das notwendige Instrument der Wahrheit.
Novalis [Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg] (1772-1801) deutscher Philosoph der frühen deutschen Romantik,
Dichter, Schriftsteller, Ernst Kamnitzer, Herausgeber, Bruchstücke philosophischer Enzyklopädistik Novalis, Fragmente. Erste, vollständig geordnete Ausgabe, Dresden, 1929; zitiert in: Aphorismen.de

Man kann mit aller Strenge sagen, dass das »Ende einer Welt« nie etwas anderes ist und nie etwas anderes sein
kann, als das Ende einer Illusion. René Guénon (1886-1951) französischer Metaphysiker, esoterischer Schriftsteller, Das Reich der Quantität und die Zeichen der Zeit, BoD, 26. November 2022

Referenz: de.Wikiquote-Eintrag ► Irrtum

Literaturzitate

Es irrt der Mensch, solang er strebt.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [BW 465] (1749-1832) deutscher Universalgelehrter, Bühnendichter, Schriftsteller,
Faust. Eine Tragödie, erster Teil, Vers 317 "Der Herr", S. 27, J.G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung, Tübingen, 1808

Gedichte

Wenn einer, der mit Mühe kaum,
gekrochen ist auf einen Baum
Schon meint, dass er ein Vogel wär
so irrt sich der.
Wilhelm Busch (1832-1908) deutscher Zeichner, Maler, humoristischer Dichter, Gedicht

Von Irrtum zu Irrtum wachsen,
bis sich aus den Irrtümern eine Welt bildet,
die in ihrer Wahrheit überzeugt.
Das wäre ein Treffpunkt
für die Regelmüden und Dogmenzweifler,
um hier im Gras zu liegen
und die Welt entstehen zu sehen,
und zu beobachten, wie Leben
aus Fehlern geboren wird.
Ulrich Schaffer (*1942) deutscher Fotograf, Schriftsteller, Facebook Kommentar, 2. Februar 2019

Maria vom Knoten

Maria vom Knoten, ich komme zu dir
und trage viel Freude und Lasten mit mir.
Maria vom Knoten, wer hörte nicht drauf –
der Knoten sind viel, sie gehen nicht auf.
Maria vom Knoten, wie tröstlich das klingt.
Es klingt: es gibt eine Hand, die Knoten entschlingt.
Maria vom Knoten, den Knoten hier schau!
Ich bring ihn nicht auf – hilf du heil'ge Frau.
Maria vom Knoten, der Knäuel bin ich –
Ins Letzt verwirret: Erbarme du dich!
Maria vom Knoten, du bist schon im Licht.
Du weißt es ja selbst, was mir noch gebricht.
Josef Weiger mit Ergänzungen von Günter Grimme;
St. Peter am Perlach, Augsburg, Bayern

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Quotes by various other sources

Appeals

You are asleep and have forgotten that you are dreaming. You mistakenly believe you are awake. It's easier to fool
people than to convince them that they have been fooled.
Frederick Philip Lenz, III, Ph.D. [Rama] (1950-1998) US American Buddhist spiritual teacher, source unknown

Conclusions

Every mistake has a halfway moment, a split second when it can be recalled and perhaps remedied.
Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973) US American writer, Nobel laureate in literature, mostly living in China until 1934, cited in: Goodreads Quotable Quote

It is considered unhealthy in America to remember mistakes, neurotic to think about them, and psychotic to dwell upon them. Lillian Hellman (1905-1984) US American author of plays, screenplays, and memoirs, autobiographic book Scoundrel Time,
1. January 1972, Bantam Books, 1976, Back Bay Books, 1st paperback edition 1. July 2000

Insights

It's easier to fool people than to convince them that they have been fooled. Mark Twain [Samuel Langhorne Clemens]
[Work LoC 465] (1835-1910) US American humorist, author, Chapters From My Autobiography – IX by Mark Twain, dictated 2. De-
cember 1906, presented by the literary magazine The North American Review, volume 184, S. 12, New York, 4. January 1907

Never mind failures; they are quite natural. They are the beauty of life, these failures. What would life be without them? It would not be worth having if it were not for struggles. Where would be the poetry of life? Never mind the struggles, the mistakes. I never heard a cow tell a lie; but it is only a cow – not a man. So never mind these failures, these backslidings; hold to the ideal a thousand times, and if you fail a thousand times, make the attempt once more. Swami Vivekananda [LoC 610] (1863-1902) Indian Hindu saint, monk, scholar, The Complete Works of Swami Vive-
kananda, S. 606, Manonmani Publishers, 2015; cited in: AZ Quotes

You but mistake interpretation for the truth. And you are wrong. But a mistake is not a sin, nor has reality been taken from its throne by your mistakes. God reigns forever, and His laws alone prevail upon you and upon the world. His Love remains the only thing there is. Fear is illusion, for you are like Him.
⚡ A Course in Miracles, manual for teachers M-18.3.6-12, 1976, revised 1996

[Paraphrased] People always attempt to do what they believe to be good.
Socrates [LoC 540] (469-399 BC) Ancient Greek pre-Christian philosopher, cited in: Essay by Max Maxwell and Melete, A Socratic Perspective onthe Nature of Human Evil, version 2.0, 2009-2018

Greater than all physical dangers are the tremendous effects of delusional ideas […]. The world powers that rule over humanity, for good or ill, are unconscious psychic factors, and it is they that bring unconsciousness into being […].
We are steeped in a world that was created by our own psyche.
Carl Gustav Jung [LoC 520/540] (1875-1961) Swiss psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, founder of a new school of analytical depth psycho-
logy, Michael Fordham, editor, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche – Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 8, centerpiece
"On the Nature of the Psyche", including The Structure of the Psyche (1913-1935), 1920, paragraph 747, Princeton University
Press, 1. January 1970; cited in: Carl Jung Quotations 11

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Affirmatives ⇔ negatives

It is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human understanding to be more moved and excited by affirmatives than by negatives.
Francis Bacon [LoC 485] (1561-1626) English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, pioneer of the scientific method, author, treatise The New Organon, 1620; cited in: Goodreads Quotable Quote

It is much easier to perceive error than to find truth, for the former lies on the surface and is easily seen, while the latter lies in the depth, where few are willing to search for it. Johann Wolfgang Goethe [LoC 465] (1749-1832) German polymath, poet, playwright, dramatist, novelist, Elisabeth Stopp, translator, Maxims and Reflections, 1833, Penguin Classics, revised paperback edition 27. August 1998, 1. March 1999, 1. December 2005, cited in: AZ Quotes

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The soul's sensitivity does not depend on the human mind.

It is a great source of error to believe that there is no perception in the soul besides those of which it is conscious. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) German polylingual philosopher, physicist, mathematician, historian, politician, diplomat, referenced in: article Leibniz’s Philosophy of Mind, presented by the publication Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, first published 22. Sep-
tember 1997, substantially revised 29. June 2020

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Difficulty and art to correct those who err

When we wish to correct with advantage, and to show another that he errs, we must notice from what side he views the matter, for on that side it is usually true, and admit that truth to him, but reveal to him the side on which it is false. He is satisfied with that, for he sees that he was not mistaken, and that he only failed to see all sides. Now, no one is offended at not seeing everything; but one does not like to be mistaken, and that perhaps arises from the fact that
man naturally cannot see everything, and that naturally he cannot err in the side he looks at, since the perceptions
of our senses are always true.
People are generally better persuaded by the reasons which they have themselves discovered than by those which have come into the mind of others. Blaise Pascal [Loc 465] (1623-1662) French mathematician, physicist, inventor, Christian philosopher, writer, collection of fragments on theology and philosophy Les Pensées, 9., 1670

Even the strongest current of water cannot add a drop to a cup which is already full. The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before him. Leo Tolstoy [LoC 420, work LoC 455] (1828-1910) Russian playwright, essayist, novelist, writer, The Kingdom of God Is Within You, chapter 3, 1894

A hallucination is a fact, not an error; what is erroneous is a judgment based upon it.
⚡ Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) British philosopher, social critic, logician, mathematician, historian, social reformist, "pacifist", member of the Royal Society and MI5, Nobel laureate in literature, 1950, Robert Charles Marsh, Logic and Knowledge. Essays 1901-1950, presented by the publication "Psychology Press", S. 149, 1988; cited in: AZ Quotes

Those who twist the facts of reality to their own selfish agendas, sacrificing truth and humanity in the process, bring
the whole of the world down with them. John A. Rush, Ph.D., US American professor of anthropology, Sierra College, Rock-
lin, California, medical hypnotherapist, author, Entheogens and the Development of Culture. The Anthropology and Neurobiology of Ecstatic Experience, S. 611, North Atlantic Books, 1st edition 30. July 2013

Men are so simple, and yield so much in immediate necessity, that the deceiver will never lack dupes.
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) Italian civil servant of the Florentine Republic, humanist, historian, diplomat, political philosopher, founder of modern political science, writer, The Prince and the Art of War, chapter 18, S. 89, 1513

[U]nd Leben ist auch die Frage, ob man die Tat beurteilen soll nach dem Ergebnis und soll gut heißen die böse, weil
sie notwendig war fürs gute Ergebnis. Das sind so Fragen, wie sie das Leben stellt. Man kann sie im Ernst nicht be-
antworten. Nur in Heiterkeit kann sich der Menschengeist aufheben über sie, dass er vielleicht mit innigem Spaß über
das Antwortlose Gott selbst, den gewaltig Antwortlosen, zum Lächeln bringe.
Thomas Mann [Werk BW 445] (1875-1955) deutscher Schriftsteller, Roman-Tetralogie Joseph und seine Brüder, begonnen mit
der Niederschrift in München, 1926, Buch 1 und 2 veröffentlicht von Verlag S. Fischer, Berlin, 1933-1943

Indeed, one can be deceived in many ways;
1. one can be deceived in believing what is untrue,
2. but on the other hand, one is also deceived in not believing what is true.

Søren Kierkegaard [LoC 410] (1813-1855) Danish existentialist philosopher, theologian, writer, Works of Love, written in 1847,
S. 23, Harper Perennial, 1962

More and more people are coming to realize that they can think for themselves. It's amazing to discover that your're wrong. In fact, it's liberating. It's not a threat. It opens your mind.
Lawrence M. Krauss (*1954) American-Canadian theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author, cited in: Article Dawkins, Krauss Have Faith in 'The Unbelievers.', presented by Global News, John R. Kennedy, 29. April 2013

To err is human but to really screw up, you need a computer! American expression

Reference: en.Wikiquote entry ► Error

Literary quotes

All men make mistakes, but a good man yields when he knows his course is wrong, and repairs the evil. The only crime
is pride. Sophocles [LoC 465] (497/496-406/405 BC) Ancient Greek tragedian, tragedy Antigone, written in or before 441 BC

For the great majority of mankind are satisfied with appearances, as though they were realities, and are often more influenced by the things that seem than by those that are. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) Italian civil servant of the Florentine Republic, humanist, historian, diplomat, political philosopher, founder of modern political science, writer, Discourses on Livy, ~1517

24 most common logical fallacies

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False memory syndrome – Elizabeth Loftus

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Erroneous memories

I collaborated on a brain imaging study in 2010, and the overwhelming conclusion we reached is that the neural patterns were very similar for true and false memo-
ries. We are a long way away from being able to look at somebody's brain activity and reliably classify an authentic memory versus one that arose through some other process.
Interview with Elizabeth Loftus, Ph.D. (*1944) US American professor of cognitive psychology, expert researcher on the malleability and reliability of repressed memories, member of the scientific advisory boards of ⚡ False Memory Syndrome Foundation, cited in: Article I could have sworn...Why you can't trust your memory, presented by the UK-based weekly English-language international science magazine New Scientist, Alison George, 21. August 2013

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Erroneous memories

Eyewitnesses who point their finger at innocent defendants are not liars, for they genuinely believe in the truth of their testimony. […] That's the frightening part –
the truly horrifying idea that what we think we know, what we believe with all our
hearts, is not necessarily the truth. Elizabeth Loftus, Ph.D. (*1944) US American professor of cognitive psychology, expert researcher on the malleability and reliability of repressed memories, member of the scientific advisory boards of ⚡ False Memory Syndrome Foundation, cited in: Profile article The Diva of Disclosure. Elizabeth Loftus and her work on memory malleability, presented by the US American bimonthly magazine Psychology Today, Jill Neimark, 1. January 1996

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Erroneous memories

In real life, as well as in experiments, people can come to believe things that never really happened.
Elizabeth Loftus, Ph.D. (*1944) US American professor of cognitive psychology, expert researcher on the malleability and reliability of repressed memories, member of the scientific advisory boards of ⚡ False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Eyewitness Testimony. With a New Preface, S. 62, Harvard University Press, 1979, 15. March 1996

Reference: ► Panel discussion and summarized documentary False Memory Syndrome Foundation is a paedophile front
connected to the CIA – NAMBLA & Freemasonry, YouTube film, 21:31 minutes duration, posted 27. November 2015

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Englische Texte – English section on Error

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Errors in D. Hawkins' literature

[Paraphrased] Question: What would be the effect of the removal of the reference to God in the Constitution or the Pledge of Allegiance?
Note: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance
[Paraphrased] Answer: The calibration of the Constitution would drop from 705 to 485.

Reference: I. Reality and Subjectivity, S. 75, 2003

Naming error: The word God is not mentioned in the US American Constitution, but a reference to the Divine is made in
the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) third US president, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, 4. Juli 1776

Additional referential quote: "[…] firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence"

Source:
► Book by Thomas James Norton, The Constitution of the United States. Its Sources and Its Application, 1922, 1964,
Forgotten Books, paperback edition, 25. June 2012
In the Articles of Confederation it is mentioned that "it has pleased the Great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress to approve and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation
and perpetual union."

Reference:
► Article Where is God in the Constitution?, presented by the publication freerepublic Faith and Action, David W. New, Esq.,
November 2004

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Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance is a human condition of the disparity between external cues and internally held beliefs
mainly defined in the mental field.
Cognitive dissonance is "a state of psychic tension caused by the simultaneous holding of mutually inconsistent attitudes or the existence of a lack of consonance between attitudes and behavior" (Sears et. al., 1985) and
"feelings of tension that arise when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions." (Myers, 1987)
Spiritual dissonance is experienced in the body as a sense of "wrongness," loss, or depletion.

Cognitive dissonance and self-justification when faced with one's errors and fallible nature

Chapter	Chapter heading	Legend
1	Cognitive dissonance¹ The engine of self-justification	Holding contradictions creates anxiety. People 'resolve' this conflict by "inventing a comfortable illusion"; Confirmation bias explained Example of denial: Jean-Claude Duvalier [Baby Doc] (1951-2014)²
2	Pride,·prejudice·and·blind·spots	Cognitive dissonance and prejudice; the desire to regard oneself as good may thwart one's reality check.
3	Memory, the self-justifying historian	Implications of the flawed human memory which does not record like a video camera
4	Good intentions, bad science Closed·loop·of·clinical·judgment	Evidence disproving one's assumption or viewpoint, not just the evidence that supports it. "Kill Buddha." Example of collegial rejection of scientific evidence: Ignaz Semmelweis³
5	Law and disorder	The US justice system, slippery slope of police falsifying evidence, improper interrogation techniques, false confessions, prosecutorial biases
6	Love's assassin Self-justification in marriage	Overcoming the tendency of ruining marriage by self-justification emerged from cognitive dissonance.
7	Wounds, rifts, and wars	Escalation and hardening of disagreements Solving national and interpersonal conflicts
8	Letting go and owning up	To be wrong does not equal stupid. Though momentarily painful, it is beneficial to admit "I was wrong." Example of public admission of mistake: Alan Greenspan, October 2008⁴

Sources featuring Carol Tavris, Ph.D. (*1944) US American social psychologist, author, Elliot Aronson (*1932) US American psychologist, author
► Book: Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me). Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts, Mariner Books,
reprint edition March 2008
► Audio interview Carol Tavris on Mistakes and Skeptics, episode #55, presented by the US American web radio station
Skeptiko Science at the tipping point, host Alex Tsakiris, 50:12 minutes duration, 23 MB, aired 14. October 2008
► Audio interview Mistakes Were Made, presented by the US American radio show For Good Reason in association with
the skeptic James Randi Educational Foundation, host D. J. Grothe (*1973) US American speaker, writer, YouTube film,
57:43 minutes duration, posted 30. December 2011
► Video interview Interview with Carol Tavris, presented by the Action Studies Institute, host, founder and director Ken Low,
recording and editing by Hidden Story Productions, Vimeo film, 1:05:47, posted 14. June 2013

Further written references:
► Book Shankar Vedantam, Indian US American science correspondent for the non-commercial US American media organization
National Public Radio (NPR), The Hidden Brain. How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents, Control Markets, Wage Wars,
and Save Our Lives, Spiegel & Grau, 19. January 2010
► Article Cognitive Dissonance: A Spiritual Perspective, presented by the publication Mediate, Barbara Stuart, date unknown
► Blog article Cognitive bias cheat sheet. Because thinking is hard., presented by the blogspot Better Humans, Buster Benson,
1. September 2016
1. We don't see everything.
2. Our search for meaning can conjure illusions.
3. Quick decisions can be seriously flawed.
4. Our memory reinforces errors.
► Article The Cognitive Biases Tricking Your Brain. Science suggests we're hardwired to delude ourselves., presented by the
US American magazine The Atlantic, Ben Yagoda, September 2018

Cognitive dissonance is the unconscious mental conflict that occurs when two attitudes, or an attitude and a behavior, or an attitude and new information, conflict with one another: "Smoking could kill me" and "smoke" is an example. Being in a state of dissonance is as unsettling, and as motivating, as hunger, and, like hunger, we seek to reduce the discomfort. The smoker will either have to quit – or justify smoking. Interview with Carol Tavris, Ph.D. (*1944) US American social psychologist, author and Elliot Aronson (*1932) US American psychologist, author, Interview on August 30, 2007 with Carol Tavris and Elliot, presented by The Whitman Institute, hosts John Esterle and Dan Clurman, 30. August 2007

Blooming lavender

Times of transitions are particularly difficult times. Paradigm shifts are painful. It is painful, for example, to overcome loss aversion or leave behind just world thinking. It is very hard for people who believe them-
selves to be good people (and that includes just about everybody) to accept that they have harmed themsel-
ves and others, even unintentionally. Both shame and humiliation are thorny issues; many choose self-justi-
fication instead of admitting to change.³⁴⁵ Cognitive dissonance is one of the causes for discomfort when there is discrepancy between what we know or believe and new information or interpretations. Traditional eli-
tes who feel entitled to supremacy resent being labe-
led oppressors, violently repressing shame when they lose superiority, while underlings are caught between self-disparaging shame and angry projections. Evelin Gerda Lindner, M.D., Ph.D. (*1954) German physician, psychologist, transdisciplinary scholar in social sciences and humanities, human dignity researcher, founding president of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS), author, Gender, Humiliation, and Global Security. Dignifying Relationships from Love, Sex, and Parenthood to World Affairs, chapter 5 "Humiliation Addiction: How Dangerous It Is", S. 70, Praeger, 26. February 2010

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Spiritual dissonance

self and not-self clashing

Spiritual dissonance is what occurs where our inner world meets our outer world; where what we think is true butts up against what appears to be true; where internal belief collides with external reality. It’s the discomfort that occurs where self and not-self come into contact.
Ego is like a thin sheath of atmosphere between the earth of self and the infinite space of not-self, holding one in and the other out. We live out our lives in this narrow band, never digging too far down or testing our upper limits.This is where our emotional energy is spent, pumped into this gap between two incompatible surfaces, keeping them from grinding against each other and jolting us out of our slumber.
That grinding, when it does occur, is spiritual dissonance.
The egoic wall has no independent reality. When we stop pumping energy into it, it starts dissolving. That's what ego is,
a segregated state, and that's the use to which we put our emotional energy. The egoic shell in which we dwell is of our
own making, like a force field that requires a constant source of emotional energy. Jed McKenna, US American publisher of spiritual literature, author, Spiritual Warfare. Book Three of The Enlightenment Trilogy, S. 163, Wisefool Press, 2010

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Picture message

Facebook written picture post

Sometimes people hold a core belief that is very strong. When they are presented with evidence that works against that belief, the new evidence cannot be accepted. It would create a feeling that is extremely uncomfortable, called cognitive dissonance. And because it is so important to protect the core belief, they will rationalize, ignore and even deny anything that doesn't fit in with the core belief. Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) Martinique-born Afro-French psy-
chiatrist, philosopher, political radical, existentialist humanist, revolutionary, writer on post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism, Black Skin, White Masks, Éditions du Seuil, France, 1952, Grove Press, New York, 1967

The individual is handicapped by coming face-to-face with a conspiracy so monstrous he cannot believe it ex-
ists. The American mind simply has not come to a realization of the evil which has been introduced into our midst. It rejects even the assumption that human creatures could espouse a philosophy which must ultimately destroy all that is good and decent. J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972) US American first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the
United States (1924-1972), 33rd° Freemason, presented by The Elks Magazine, August 1956

The phenomenon – known as "backfire" – is a natural defense mechanism to avoid that cognitive dissonance. In the presence of the correct information, such people react very differently than the merely uninformed. Instead of changing their minds to reflect the correct information, they can entrench themselves even deeper.
Brendan Nyhan, Ph.D. (*1978) US American political scientist, department of government, Dartmouth College, lead researcher on
study at University of Michigan, 2005-2006, cited in: Article How facts backfire. Researchers discover a surprising threat to democracy:
our brains, presented by the US American publication Indian River Guardian, Joe Keohane, 3. November 2014
Misinformed people, particularly political partisans, when exposed to corrected facts in news stories, rarely change their minds. Often
they become even more strongly set in their beliefs. Not curing misinformation, facts can actually make the belief in misinformation
even stronger.

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Links zum Thema Irrtum / Error

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Literatur

Rolf Dobelli (*1966) Schweizer Unternehmer, Schriftsteller, Die Kunst des klugen Handelns. 52 Irrwege, die Sie besser anderen überlassen, Hanser, 6. Auflage 27. August 2012

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Literature (engl.)

Carol Tavris, Ph.D. (*1944) US American social psychologist, author, Elliot Aronson (*1932) US American psychologist, author, Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me). Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts, Mariner Books, reprint edition March 2008
Shiv Singh, Indian-American strategic advisor to Fortune 500 companies and early-stage startups, author, Rohini Luthra, board-certified clinical psychologist, Savvy. Navigating Fake Companies, Fake Leaders and Fake News in the Post-Trust Era, IdeaPress Publishing, 28. Februar 2019

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Externe Weblinks

Wikipedia-Einträge Irrtum

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External web links (engl.)

Wikipedia entries Cognitive dissonance, Error
Personalities: Leon Festinger

Chart Rhetological Fallacies. Errors and manipulation of rhetoric and logical thinking, presented by the blogspot informationisbeautiful, undated
Appeal to the Mind ♦ Appeal to Emotions ♦ Faulty Deduction ♦ Manipulating Content ♦ Garbled Cause and Effect ♦ Personal attacks

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Audio- und Videolinks

Videopräsentation von Prof. Elizabeth Loftus (*1944) US-amerikanische Professorin für kognitive Psychologie, Gedächtnisforscherin, wissenschaftliche Beraterin der ⚡ False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Die Fiktion der Erinnerung, präsentiert von TED Global 2013, 17:36 Minuten Dauer, gefilmt und eingestellt Juni 2013

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Interne Links

Wiki-Ebene

Englisch Wiki

¹ Leon Festinger (1919-1989) US American social psychologist, known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Combined Academic Publishers, 31. December 1957, Stanford University Press, 1962 ⇑

² Jean-Claude Duvalier [Baby Doc] (1951-2014) Haitian dictatorial president (1971-1986), overthrown by a popular uprising, believed himself to introduce democracy in Haiti. ⇑

³ Ignaz Semmelweis, M.D. (1818-1865) Hungarian physician, pioneer of antiseptic procedures ⇑

⁴ Congressional testimony [confession] on the financial crisis, 2008 by Alan Greenspan 23. October 2008:
"Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending institutions to protect shareholder's equity – myself especially – are in a state of shocked disbelief. I have found a flaw [in my free-market ideology]. I don’t know how significant or permanent it is. But I have been very distressed by that fact. […] I have been going for 40 years or more with very considerable evidence that it was working exceptionally well."
Daniel Kahneman, Ph.D. (1934-2024) Israeli-American professor of psychology, Princeton, founder of behavioral economics, Nobel laureate in economic sciences, 2002, commenting Alan Greenspan's confession, How Greenspan's Framework Went Awry, YouTube film, minute 0:10, 3:03 minutes duration, posted 23. February 2009:
[Paraphrased] My theory of the world was wrong. My framework was wrong. I expected financial firms in particular to protect their interests and to protect their longterm survival. I did not expect them to engage in what turned out to be potentially suicidal policies. ⇑

⁵ Carol Tavris, Ph.D. (*1944) US American social psychologist, author, Elliot Aronson (*1932) US American psychologist, author, Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me). Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts, Mariner Books, reprint edition March 2008 ⇑

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