SpiritualWiki - Myers-BriggsTypologie

༺༻	Verhalten	Frage	Temperament	Enneagramtyp
1.	Die Feigheit fragt:	*Ist es sicher?*	Phlegmatiker	Typ #9
2.	Die Zweckmäßigkeit fragt:	*Ist es politisch klug?*	Choleriker	Typ #8
3.	Die Eitelkeit fragt:	*Ist es zugkräftig?*	Sanguiniker	Typ #7
4.	Das Gewissen jedoch fragt:	*Ist es richtig?*	Melancholiker	Typ #1
❁	Und es wird die Zeit kommen, da man eine Stellung beziehen muss, die weder sicher noch gefällig noch breitenwirksam ist. Wenn dieser Fall eintritt, muss man es tun, weil es richtig ist.

Quelle: ► Rede von Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) US-amerikanischer Baptistenpastor, Aktivist, afro-amerikanischer Bürgerrechtler, Friedensnobelpreisträger, 1964, Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution [Wach bleiben während der Großen Revolution], National Cathedral, Washington, DC, 31. März 1968, Kongress-Abschrift, 9. April 1968

Unterscheidungsmerkmale der vier Temperamente

❄ ❄ ❄	Choleriker	Sanguiniker	Phlegmatiker	Melancholiker
Leitspruch	"Erledige es."	"Amüsiere dich."	"Sei nett zu anderen."	"Mach's richtig."

Eigenschaften	Entschlossen, schnell, handlungsfreudig, feurig, energisch, leidenschaftlich Rationaler Realist Zweckmäßigkeit	Warmherzig, kontaktfreudig, wankelmütig, optimistisch, fröhlich Kunsthandwerker Eitelkeit	Langsam, geduldig, ruhig, still, schüchtern, rational, verlässlich, konsequent Netter Idealist Feigheit	Ernsthaft, ruhig, traurig, deprimiert, ängstlich, vorausahnend, poetisch, künstlerisch Beschützer Gewissen
Orientierung	Extravertiert Aufgabenorientiert Kontaktfreudig	Extravertiert Menschenorientiert Kontaktfreudig	Introvertiert Menschenorientiert Reserviert	Introvertiert Aufgabenorientiert Reserviert

Element	FEUER	LUFT	WASSER	ERDE
Jahreszeit	Sommer	Frühling	Winter	Herbst
Körpersaft	Gelbe Gallenflüssigkeit	(Rotes) Blut	(Weißer) Schleim	Schwarze Gallenflüssigkeit

Prominente	Julius Caesar, Nero, Margret Thatcher, Donald Trump, Oprah Winfrey, Bill O'Reilly	Papst Franziskus, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Ursula K. LeGuin, Simon Sinek	Mahatma Gandhi, Prinzessin Diana, Nelson Mandela, Dalai Lama, Michael Jackson	Sokrates, Marie Curie, Vincent van Gogh, Carl Gustav Jung, Albert Einstein, Jordan Peterson, Morgan Freeman

Hinweise für den erquicklichen Umgang mit den vier Temperamenten

Choleriker	Sanguiniker	Phlegmatiker	Melancholiker
Ehre den Realisten	Genieße den Entertainer	Respektiere den Beobachter	Würdige den Idealisten
Rechne damit, dass sie darauf drängen, es sofort zu tun	Lasse ihnen den Spaß	Bedenke, sie sind nett zu anderen	Berücksichtige, dass sie darauf bestehen, es richtig zu machen
Fasse dich kurz	Sei anregend	Sei umgänglich, unkompliziert	Sei breitgefächert, spezifisch und genau
Fordere sie heraus, necke sie	Sei optimistisch	Sei geduldig	Offeriere verschiedene Blickwinkel
Hinterfrage den Macher	Sei freundlich	Sei wertschätzend	Beschäftige den Aufrüttler
Gib direkte Antworten	Verteile Streicheleinheiten	Gib viel Vorlaufzeit	Stelle vertiefende Fragen
Liefere nur Höhepunkte	Lasse sie reden	Präsentiere Veränderungen auf nicht-bedrohliche Weise	Warte mit verschiedenen Erklärungen auf; versichere ihnen, sie nicht zu überrumpeln
Erspare ihnen den Kleinkram	Lass die Kleinigkeiten beiseite	Definiere die Rollen klar und eindeutig	Liefere Details Verwende Übersichten und Grafiken
Poche auf Ergebnisse	Halte die Details schriftlich fest	Unterstütze sie	Weise auf Synchronizitäten hin Füge die Einzelteile zusammen
Komme zur Sache	Biete Anreize	Beschwichtige ihre Angst	Erlaube Tiefgang und Weitsicht
Gehe logisch vor	Verweise auf Expertenmeinungen	Lass sie es herausfinden	Lass das Gesamtbild offenbar werden
Betone das Was, wann	Betone das Wer	Betone das Wie, wann	Betone das Warum

Referenz: de.Wikipedia-Eintrag ► Temperamentenlehre

Siehe auch: ► Gewissen

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Vier Temperamente und deren Grundformen der Angst

Gegenüberstellung von Enneagramm/Persönlichkeitstypen
mit Jungschen Typen und Angsttypen

E-Typ	Persönlichkeitstyp Enneagrammtyp	Temperament Landestyp	Jungsche Typologie	Angst vor[*]	Erlebt als	Fokus	Herzenswunsch	Leitsatz
#8	Hysterischer Kontroletti Extravertiert · labil	Choleriker Unterwerfungs- land Slytherin	Intuition	Notwen- digkeit	Endgültigkeit Unfreiheit	Wechsel	Anerkennung Status	"Erledige es."
#1	Zwanghafter Perfektionist Introvertiert · labil	Melancholiker Perfekt-Land Ravenclaw	Empfindung	Wandlung	Vergänglichkeit Unsicherheit	Dauer	Sensitivität Mitgefühl	"Mach's richtig."
#7	Schizoider Spaßmacher Extravertiert · stabil	Sanguiniker Vergnügungspark Gryffindor	Denken	Selbst- hingabe	Ich-Verlust Abhängigkeit	Nähe	Aufmerk- samkeit Leutseligkeit	"Vergnüge dich."
#9	Depressiver Friedensstifter Introvertiert · stabil	Phlegmatiker Friedensland Hufflepuff	Fühlen	Selbst- werdung	Ungeborgenheit Isolierung	Distanz	Respekt Bequeme Sicherheit	"Sei nett zu anderen."

[*]Der Psychoanalytiker Psychologe, Psychotherapeut, Astrologe und Autor Fritz Riemann (1902-1979)
befasste sich in einer tiefenpsychologischen Studie mit den vier Grundformen der Angst.

Vier Temperamente, Hauswand in Frankfurt am Main

Das Erwachsen-Werden und das Reifen gehen einher mit der Überwindung von Angst und Scham.

Der deutsch-britische Professor für Psychologie Prof. Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) entwickelte ein
faktorentheoretisches Persönlichkeitssystem, wonach die Persönlichkeit jedes Individuums das Resultat der
Ausprägung der Dimensionen Introversion-Extraversion und Labilität-Stabilität ist.

Der hysterische Choleriker ist extravertiert und labil (EL).	Fühlender labiler Extravertierter (Empfindungstyp)
Der zwanghafte Melancholiker ist introvertiert und labil (IL).	Fühlender labiler Introvertierter (Intuitiver Typ)

Der schizoide Sanguiniker ist extravertiert und stabil (ES).	Denkender stabiler Extravertierter
Der depressive Phlegmatiker ist introvertiert und stabil (IS).	Fühlender stabiler Introvertierter

Der Schizoide (Sanguiniker) ahnt die Liebesfähigkeit des Depressiven (Phlegmatikers).

Der Depressive schätzt den Mut des Schizoiden, seine Aspirationen zu leben, woran er sich selbst nicht wagt.

Zwanghafte (Melancholiker) und hysterische Persönlichkeiten (Choleriker) sind in ähnlicher Weise ein schicksalhaftes Paar.

Falls die Bereitschaft zur Erkenntnis und Reifung nicht beidseitig vorhanden ist,
stoßen sich Gegensatzpaare schließlich ab.

Extravertierte (Choleriker und Sanguiniker) haben eine erhöhte Erregungsschwelle des aufsteigenden retikulären Aktivierungssystems (ARAS) des Gehirns. Verbunden mit hemmenden Impulsen des Gehirns (Formatio reticularis) sind
sie vermindert erregbar durch die Umwelt.

Introvertierte (Melancholiker und Phlegmatiker) sind chronisch reizüberflutet. Nach Eysenck sind sie aufgrund ihres höheren Erregungspotentials leichter konditionierbar als Extravertierte.

Referenzen:
► Eintrag Element, präsentiert von der Datensammlung Astrowiki, undatiert
► Artikel von Werner Stangl, Fritz Riemanns "Grundformen der Angst", präsentiert von der Publikation Werner Stangls Arbeitsblätter,
undatiert

Reference:
► Article by Gregory Mitchell, Carl Jung & Jungian Analytical Psychology, presented by the publication Mind Development Home Page,
2005-2019

Siehe auch: ► Angst und ► Typische Merkmale der Enneagrammtypen 1-9 und ► Vier Seinsebenen – Hartmann • Gebser • Heim

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Vier Temperamente korreliert mit Elementen, Eigenschaften, Wesen und Körpern

Übersicht: Temperamente • Elemente • Richtungen • Körper • Eigenschaften
Tierkreiszeichen • Engel • Elementarwesen

Temperament	Element	Himmels- richtung	Eigenschaft Aristoteles		Regelmäßiger Körper Platon	Tierkreiszeichen Astrologie	Erzengel	Elementar- wesen Paracelsus
Cholerisch	Feuer	Süden	Warm+trocken	Heiß	Tetraeder	Widder, Löwe, Schütze	Michael	Salamander
Melancholisch	Erde	Norden	Kalt+trocken	Schwer	Würfel	Stier, Jungfrau, Steinbock	Uriel	Gnom
Sanguinisch	Luft	Osten	Warm+feucht	Hell	Oktaeder	Zwillinge, Waage, Wassermann	Raphael	Sylphe
Phlegmatisch	Wasser	Westen	Kalt+feucht	Weich	Ikosaeder	Krebs, Skorpion, Fische	Gabriel	Undine

Referenz: de.Wikipedia-Eintrag ► Vier-Elemente-Lehre

Referenz-Literatur:
► Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) Schweizer Psychiater, Psychoanalytiker, Gründer einer neuen Denkschule der analytischen Tiefenpsycho-
logie, Autor, Karl Kerényi (1897-1973) ungarischer klassischer Philologe, Religionswissenschaftler, Autor, Einführung in das Wesen der
Mythologie, Rascher, Zürich, 1941, Pantheon, Amsterdam, 1941, Patmos Verlag, 1999
► Ulrich Stoll, Gundolf Keil, Autor, Herausgeber, Paul Schnitzer, Herausgeber, Josef Domes, Herausgeber, Das Lorscher Arzneibuch und die
frühmittelalterliche Medizin. Verhandlungen des Medizinhistorischen Symposiums im September 1989 in Lorsch, Laurissa, Lorsch, 1991,
Steiner, Stuttgart, 1992 – Referenz: Umfangreiche medizinische Handschrift aus der Zeit Karls des Großen zur Klostermedizin aus dem
abendländischen Frühmittelalter 'Lorscher Arzneibuch, ~785
► Gernot Böhme, Hartmut Böhme, Feuer, Wasser, Luft, Erde. Eine Kulturgeschichte der Elemente, C.H. Beck, München, 1996,
1. Auflage 19. Februar 2004
► Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) Schweizer Psychiater, Psychoanalytiker, Gründer einer neuen Denkschule der analytischen Tiefenpsycho-
logie, Autor, Lorenz Jung, Herausgeber, Archetypen, 1997, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv), 1. Auflage 1. Januar 2001
► Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner, Medizin in der griechischen und römischen Antike, Springer Lehrbuch, Berlin Heidelberg, 2013,
zitiert in: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner, Herausgeber, Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte,
S. 915-920; hier S. 916, De Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1. Auflage 15. November 2004

Siehe auch: ► Vier Elemente und ► Vier Seinsebenen – Hartmann • Gebser • Heim

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Kurzdarstellung von verwandten Vierer-Typologien

Keirsey: TEMPERAMENT bestimmt die Neigung zur Lebensführung – CHARAKTER die Lebensgewohnheiten.
Die Eigenschaften des Temperaments sind vordisponiert, der Charakter beschreibt die verliehenen Merkmale.
Das Temperament entspricht der Computer-Hardware und der Charakter der Computer-Software.

Erfinder	Jahr	LUFT	WASSER	ERDE	FEUER
Aristoteles	325v.Chr.	Hedonist	Eigentümer	Moralist	Dialektiker
Platon	340v.Chr.	Kunsthandwerker	Beschützer	Idealist	Rationalist
Galenus	190	Sanguiniker	Phlegmatiker	Melancholiker	Choleriker
E. Ponticus Enneagramm ¹	~380	Typ 7 Wendiger Träumer	Typ 9 Gutherziger Friedensstifter	Typ 1 Prinzipientreuer Lehrer	Typ 8 Großmütiger Held
Paracelsus	1550	Wandelbar	Fleißig	Inspiriert	Wissbegierig
Adickes	1905	Innovativ	Traditionell	Doktrinär	Skeptisch
Spranger	1914	Ästhetisch	Ökonomisch	Religiös	Theoretisch
Kretschmer	1920	Hyperaktiv	Depressiv	Hypersensibel	Empfindungslos
Jung Quaternität	1921	Denken	Fühlen	Intuieren	Empfinden
Eysenck²	1970	Schizoid Extravertiert, stabil	Depressiv Introvertiert, stabil	Zwanghaft Introvertiert, labil	Hysterisch Extravertiert, labil
Marston DISG³	1928	Initiativ Extravertiert-menschennah	Stetig Introvertiert-menschennah	Gewissenhaft Introvertiert-sachorientiert	Dominant Extravertiert-sachorientiert
Fromm	1947	Ausbeutend	Hortend	Empfänglich	Vermarktend
Myers	1958	Erforschend	Planend	Freundlich	Denkend
Keirsey	1978	SP – [35-40% Anteil] Sensorisches Wahrnehmen	SJ – [40-45% Anteil] Sensorisches Urteilen	NF – [10% Anteil] Intuitives Fühlen	NT – [7% Anteil] Intuitives Denken
Helen Fisher	2009	Abenteurer – [38%] Forscher	Unternehmer – [19%] Schaffender	Diplomat – [30%] Verhandler	Direktor – [13%] Wegbereiter
Luís Amaral Northwestern University⁴/⁵	2018	Durchschnittsmensch Mehrheit, mehr Frauen Neurotisch(+) Extravertiert(+) Offen(-)	Zurückhaltender Extravertiert(-) Neurotisch(-) Umgänglich(+) Gewissenhaft(+)	Vorbild >Frauen/Ältere Neurotisch(-) Extravertiert(+) Offen(+) Umgänglich(+) Gewissenhaft(+)	Egozentriker <20Jahre Extravertiert(++) Offen(-) Umgänglich(-) Gewissenhaft(-)

Referenz: de.Wikipedia-Eintrag ► Keirsey Temperament Sorter

Siehe auch:
► Quaternität – Vierheit und das I Ging
► Vier Persönlichkeitstypen in der Liebesbeziehung
► Metamorphosen über vier Stationen – 3:1

"Irrationalität ist eine Untugend des Denkens und Fühlens,
Rationalität eine Untugend des Empfindens und Intuierens."
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) Schweizer Psychiater, Psychoanalytiker, Gründer einer neuen Denkschule der analytischen Tiefenpsychologie, Autor, Gesammelte Werke, Band 6. Psychologische Typen, Rascher, 10. revidierte Auflage 1967

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Zitate zum Thema Myers-Briggs Typologie / Myers-Briggs typology

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Zitate allgemein

Persönliche Bekenntnisse

Schon als Kind war ich mir häufig selbst ein Rätsel. Ich brauchte Jahre, um dahinterzukommen, dass all meine rätsel-
haften Widersprüche tatsächlich Sinn ergaben: Ich war ein ganz normaler, introvertierter Mensch. Diese Entdeckung verschaffte mir große Erleichterung. Marti Laney, US-amerikanische Psychologin, zitiert in: Artikel Introvertiert und Extro-
vertiert, präsentiert von dem deutschen Wellness-Magazin Vital, 6. Dezember 2013

Damit hätten wir die vier Reiter [der Apokalypse der Kindheit]: Einmischung, Unzugänglichkeit, Fehleinschätzung und Ablehnung, die dem elterlichen Wohlwollen entspringen und auf der unbewussten Annahme von Gleichheit beruhen. David Keirsey (1931-2013) US-amerikanischer Professor für Psychologie, Typologe, Autor, Marilyn Bates, Mitautorin, Versteh mich bitte, Intj Books, 1. Juli 1990

Der Mensch trägt immer seine ganze Geschichte und die Geschichte der Menschheit mit sich.
Lorenz Jung, Herausgeber, Typologie, S. 35, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv), München, 1990, 1. März 2014

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Drei Viertel Extrovertierte ⇔ ein Viertel Introvertierte

Etwa 75 von 100 Personen sind extrovertiert, also eher laut. Nur 25 Prozent sind introvertiert, also eher still. Artikel Introvertiert und Extrovertiert, präsentiert von dem deutschen Wellness-Magazin Vital, 6. Dezember 2013

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Siehe auch:

Extroverts • ambiverts • introverts

Im Gehirn introvertierter Menschen nimmt das Blut einen anderen Weg als bei extrovertierten. Bei Lauten ist er kurz und direkt, bei Stillen lang und verzweigt. Außerdem fließt bei ihnen mehr Blut ins Gehirn. Das heißt: Sie werden stärker
"von innen" gereizt.⁶
Dagegen brauchen laute Menschen viele Reize von außen, weil nur solche bei ihnen die Freisetzung von Adrenalin und Dopamin anregen – zwei Botenstoffe, nach denen Extrovertierte regelrecht süchtig sein können. Dopamin wirkt
bei ihnen obendrein später und kürzer als bei stillen Menschen. In deren Gehirnen kommt stattdessen ein anderer Botenstoff zum Einsatz, das Acethylcholin.
Artikel Introvertiert und Extrovertiert, präsentiert von dem deutschen Wellness-Magazin Vital, 6. Dezember 2013

Beide, Intros und Extros, müssen lernen, sich gegenseitig zu respektieren. Dann können beide Seiten viel vonein-
ander lernen. Wenn beide Temperamente mit ihren jeweiligen Stärken zusammenarbeiten, entsteht produktive
Spannung. Weil Extrovertierte meist im Vordergrund stehen, wird ein riesiges Potenzial an guten Ideen und Bei-
trägen verschenkt. Stille Menschen können so ziemlich alles schaffen, sofern es ihnen wichtig ist.
Dr. Sylvia Löhken, deutsche Sprachwissenschaftlerin, Vortragsrednerin, Autorin, zitiert in: Artikel Introvertiert und Extrovertiert, präsentiert von dem deutschen Wellness-Magazin Vital, 6. Dezember 2013

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General quotes

Conventional measures of mental ability, such as intelligence tests and scholarship, show some of the very highest records belong to INFP and INFJ types, who relegate thinking to last place or next to last. The preference for Thinking appears to have far less intellectual effect than the preference for iNtuition, even in some technical fields, such as scientific research, where its influence was expected to be most important.
Isabel Briggs Myers (1897-1980) US American author and co-creator of a personality inventory known as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Peter B. Myers, Gifts Differing. Understanding Personality Type, Davies-Black Publishing, 1980, reprint edition 1995

Temperament is a configuration of inclinations, while character is a configuration of habits.
David Keirsey (1931-2013) US American psychologist, typologist, author, Marilyn Bates, co-author, Please understand me II, Prometheus Nemesis Book, 1st edition 1st May 1998

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Englische Texte – English section on Various typologies

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Correlated typology chart

Types, temperaments, signs, and hormones

༺༻	Type	Temperament Alchemical color	Fixed sign Planet	Element	Type Enneagram MTBI / Big5	Hormone type	Attraction	Message
1.	Guardian Follower ♦ Builder ♦ Philistine	Phlegmatic Security seeker Red	Taurus Venus	WATER earth	Ennea type #9 SJ↔Logical mechanic	Serotonin attracted to serotonin	Sameness	Stand up, not by. No fence allows one to safely sit and watch the world falter.
Guardians – ⚑ concrete cooperators – #9 – phlegmatics speak mostly of their duties and responsibilities, of what they can keep an eye on and take good care of. They're careful to obey the laws, follow the rules, and respect the rights of others.[*]
2.	Artisan Bystander ♦ Explorer ♦ Fun lover	Sanguinic Sensation seeker Red	Leo Sun	AIR fire	Ennea type #7 SP↔Practical caretaker	Dopamine attracted to dopamine	Sameness	Stand up, not by. Dictatorships perpetrated atrocities because bystanders stood idly by instead of standing up and getting involved.
Artisans – ⚑ concrete utilitarians – #7 – sanguins speak mostly about what they see right in front of them, about what they can get their hands on, and they will do whatever works, whatever gives them a quick, effective payoff, even if they have to bend the rules.[*]

3.	Idealist Moderate ♦ Negotiator ♦ Wisdom loving perfectionist	Melancholic Identity seeker White-Black	Aquarius Uranus Transsaturnian	EARTH air	Ennea type #1 NF↔Empathic idealist	Estrogen attracted to dopamine, serotonin and testosterone	Opposites	Imbued with an invaluable idealistic asset, liberals-moderates believe that international cooperation can make peace prevail over anarchy. Idealists need to pay attention whether their work nurtures them.
Idealists – ⚑ abstract cooperators – #1 – melancholics speak mostly of what they hope for and imagine might be possible for people. They want to act in good conscience, always trying to reach their goals without compromising their personal code of ethics.[*]
4.	Rational realist Extremist ♦ Director ♦ Cynic	Choleric Knowledge seeker Black-White	Scorpio Pluto Transsaturnian	FIRE water	Ennea type #8 NT↔Analytical thinker	Testosterone attracted to estrogen	Opposites	Doubting that humankind can create world peace, realists-extremists believe the world is caught in Hobbesian anarchy and condemned to endless conflict and war.
Rationals – ⚑ abstract utilitarians – #8 – cholerics speak mostly of what new problems intrigue them and what new solutions they envision. Always pragmatic, they act as efficiently as possible to achieve their objectives, ignoring arbitrary rules and conventions if need be.[*]

References:
► Wikipedia entry Keirsey Temperament Sorter – Guardian ◊ Rational ◊ Idealist ◊ Artisan
► [*]Entry Overview of the Four Temperaments – David Keirsey, presented by the publication Keirsey.com, undated
► Entry The Four Temperaments correlated to Myer-Briggs types – David Keirsey, presented by the website personalitypage.com, undated

The person who says 'it cannot be done' should not interrupt the person doing it. Chinese adage

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Age-old dichotomy between realists ⇔ idealists / enneagram #8 ⇔ enneagram #1 / cholerics ⇔ melancholics

Sir Samuel Brittan (1933-2020) suggested to question the old dichotomy between "realists" and "idealists."⁷
Both are "wrong" and "right" simultaneously. Realists are impressed by Thomas Hobbes's description of the world as a dark place and, indeed, they are often "right." People "seeking Rousseau, are finding Hobbes," as Ralf Dahrendorf coins it. Realists feel superior to frivolous "idealists," who naively dream of a better world. However, "idealists" might be "right" when
they call for goals more ambitious than mere survival. They may be justified when they accuse Hobbesian realists
of merely covering up their jaded supremacy and lack of willingness to share.
Evelin Gerda Lindner, M.D., Ph.D. (*1954) German physician, psychologist, transdisciplinary scholar in social sciences and humanities, human dignity researcher, founding president of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS), author, Emotion and Conflict. How Human Rights Can Dignify Emotion and Help Us Wage Good Conflict, chapter 9 "How We Can Dignify Our Emotions and
Conflicts", S. 146, Praeger Publishers, 2009

The Realists see no way out of the present mess except to keep the wolves at bay with sticks and fences; the Idealists see a light at the end of the tunnel but have no clear vision of how to get there from here. Monty G. Marshall, Third World
War. System, Process, and Conflict Dynamics, S. 62, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, and London, 1999

So-called realists doubt that humankind can come together and create world peace, since, they say, the world is caught
in Hobbesian anarchy and condemned to endless conflict and war. So-called liberals [idealists] are more optimistic,
believing that international cooperation can make peace prevail over anarchy.⁸
Evelin Gerda Lindner, M.D., Ph.D. (*1954) German physician, psychologist, transdisciplinary scholar in social sciences and humanities, human dignity researcher, founding president of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS), author, A Dignity Economy. Creating an Economy that Serves Human Dignity and Preserves Our Planet, chapter 12 "We Need Many More Voices and a Clear Direction!", S. 207, World Dignity University Press, Lake Oswego, Oregon, 2012

The important fault lines in conflicts are not those that separate Israelis from Palestinians, Hutus from Tutsis, Singha-
lese from Tamils, or Americans from the rest of the world. There is only one important fault line – the division between
extremists and moderates in all camps. Evelin Gerda Lindner, M.D., Ph.D. (*1954) German physician, psychologist, transdis-
ciplinary scholar in social sciences and humanities, human dignity researcher, founding president of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS), author, Making Enemies. Humiliation and International Conflict, chapter 6 "Humiliation and Terrorism",
S. 121, Praeger Security International, Westport, Connecticut, 30. June 2006

Look at what realists have done for us. They have led us to war and climate change, poverty on an unimaginable scale, and wholesale ecological destruction. Half of humanity goes to bed hungry because of all the realistic leaders in the world. I tell people who call me "unrealistic" to show me what their realism has done. Realism is an outdated, overplayed and wholly exaggerated concept. Satish Kumar (*1936) Indian Jain monk, activist, nuclear disarmament advocate, environmentalist, pacifist, editor of the magazine Resurgence & Ecologist, cited in: Sica, Giulio, What part does spirituality play in the green movement?, presented by the British daily newspaper The Guardian, London, 15. January 2008

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Myers-Briggs typology

US American Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers read many new psychology books published in Europe. Both studied Carl Gustav Jung’s work including the concepts of introversion and extroversion. Jung’s work represents the basis for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It is a framework for classifying personality types along
four distinct axes:

Introversion ⇔ extroversion,
Sensing ⇔ intuition,
Thinking ⇔ feeling and
Judging ⇔ perceiving.

The four fundamental personality types in the Myers-Briggs typology correlate almost exactly with the four astrological-elemental types:

F ♦ Feeling – Water
S ♦ Sensation – Earth
N ♦ Intuition – Fire
T ♦ Thinking – Air

An individual has one dominant preference in each of the four pairs.

Example: An introverted sensor, thinker and perceiver is an ISTP in Myers-Briggs shorthand.

Focus	Letter	Meaning	Description	Keywords
Source of energy	E	Extraversion	Need to talk things through	Outgoing • talkative • outgoing • friendly • engaging • energetic • sociable
Source of energy	I	Introversion	Need to think things through	Shy • reserved • reflective • independent • cool • thoughtful • self-reliant • controlled • self-motivated • deliberate
Receiving information	S	Sensing	Trusts the establishment and the tried and true	Facts • details • data collection • realistic • practical • detail-oriented • traditional
Receiving information	N	Intuition	Grasps the big picture and future possibilities	Brainstormer • big picture • theory • innovative • unconventional • theoretical • complex
Making decisions	T	Thinking	Uses the logical choice	Rational • black and white • tough-minded • analytical • objective • rational • unsentimental • logical • objective • pragmatic • levelheaded
Making decisions	F	Feeling	Considers others before making decisions	Compassionate • personal • warm • warm • caring • expressing • personable
Personal life	J	Judging – Left brain	Loves routine and to-do lists	Scheduled • structured • organized • orderly • responsible • methodical • hardworking
Personal life	P	Perceiving – Right brain	Enjoys surprises and changing plans	Go with the flow • unscheduled • flexible • tolerant • open-minded • changeable • unstructured

Sixteen Myers-Briggs personality types

༺༻

Personality·type
Strength

Characteristics of type

Dominant
function

Auxiliary function

Suitable
professions

Famous personalities

1.	ISTJ	Planner Inspector Hard worker values his responsibilities and commitments	Introverted sensing	Judging thinking	1. Auditor 2. Accountant 3. Chief financial officer 4. Web development engineer 5. Government employee	Harry Truman Queen Elizabeth II.
2.	ISFJ	Protector Supporter Modest, determined worker, enjoys helping others	Introverted sensing	Judging feeling	1. Dentist 2. Elementary school teacher 3. Librarian 4. Franchise owner 5. Customer service representative	Jimmy Stewart Mother Theresa
3.	INFJ	Foreseer Developer Counselor Thoughtful, creative type driven by firm principles and personal integrity	Introverted intuition	Judging feeling	1. Therapist/Mental health counselor 2. Social worker 3. HR diversity manager 4. Organizational development consultant 5. Customer relations manager	Mohandas Gandhi Eleanor Roosevelt
4.	INTJ⁹	Conceptualizer Director Mastermind Creative perfectionist, does things his own way	Introverted intuition	Judging thinking	1. Investment banker 2. Personal financial adviser 3. Software developer 4. Economist 5. Executive	Dwight D. Eisenhower Gunter Dueck ⚡ Ayn Rand
5.	ISTP	Analyzer Operator Craftsman Artisan Straightforward, honest type, prefer action to conversation	Introverted sensing	Perceiving thinking	1. Civil engineer 2. Economist 3. Pilot 4. Data communications analyst 5. Emergency room physician	Clint Eastwood Amelia Earhart
6.	ISFP	Composer Producer Warm, sensitive type helping people in tangible ways	Introverted sensing	Perceiving feeling	1. Fashion designer 2. Physical therapist 3. Massage therapist 4. Landscape architect 5. Storekeeper	Johnny Carson Barbara Streisand
7.	INFP¹⁰	Healer Harmonizer Clarifier Sensitive idealist motivated by their deeper personal values	Introverted intuition	Perceiving feeling	1. Graphic designer 2. Psychologist/Therapist 3. Writer/Editor 4. Physical therapist 5. HR development trainer	Albert Schweitzer Anne Lindbergh
8.	INTP	Designer Theorizer Architect Independent, creative problem-solver	Introverted intuition	Perceiving thinking	1. Computer programmer/Software designer 2. Financial analyst 3. Architect 4. College professor 5. Economist	Albert Einstein Marie Curie
9.	ESTP	Promoter Executor Dynamo Pragmatist loves excitement, excels in crisis	Extraverted sensing	Perceiving thinking	1. Detective 2. Banker 3. Investor 4. Entertainment agent 5. Sports coach	Franklin D. Roosevelt Madonna
10.	ESFP	Motivator Presenter Performer Lively, playful type value common sense	Extraverted sensing	Perceiving feeling	1. Civil welfare counselor 2. Primary care physician 3. Actor 4. Interior designer 5. Environmental scientist	Elvis Presley Elizabeth Taylor Ken Wilber
11.	ENFP	Discoverer Advocate Champion Curious, confident creative type, sees possibilities everywhere	Extraverted intuition	Perceiving feeling	1. Journalist 2. Advertising creative director 3. Consultant 4. Restaurateur 5. Event planner	Carl Rogers Molly Brown
12.	ENTP	Explorer Inventor Visionary Creative, enterprising type, enjoys new challenges	Extraverted intuition	Perceiving thinking	1. Entrepreneur 2. Real estate developer 3. Advertising creative director 4. Marketing director 5. Politician/Political consultant	Walt Disney Catherine II.
13.	ESTJ	Implementor Supervisor Realist – quick to make practical decisions	Extraverted sensing	Judging thinking	1. Insurance sales agent 2. Pharmacist 3. Lawyer 4. Project manager 5. Judge	Colin Powell Queen Elizabeth I.
14.	ESFJ	Facilitator Provider Caretaker Gregarious traditionalist motivated to help others	Extraverted sensing	Judging feeling	1. Sales representative 2. Nurse/Healthcare worker 3. Social worker 4. PR account executive 5. Loan officer	George Washington Dolley Madison
15.	ENFJ	Envisioner Mentor Teacher People-lover, energetic, articulate, diplomatic	Extraverted intuition	Judging feeling	1. Advertising executive 2. Public relations specialist 3. Corporate coach/Trainer 4. Sales manager 5. Employment specialist/HR professional	Mikhael Gorbachev Margaret Mead
16.	ENTJ	Strategist Commander Mobilizer Natural leader, logical, analytical, good strategic planner	Extraverted intuition	Judging thinking	1. Executive 2. Lawyer 3. Market research analyst 4. Management/Business consultant 5. Venture capitalist	⚡ Bill Gates Margaret Thatcher

Source: ► 16 Personalities – Personality Types, presented by NERIS Analytics Limited, 2011-2016

Reference: ► The Best Jobs For Every Personality Type, presented by the US American
business news website Business Insider Richard Feloni and Skye Gould, 4. September 2014

See also: ► Myers Briggs personality types

Spreading of the sixteen Myers-Briggs personality types

༺༻	Personality type Description	% Ratio population	% Men	% Women	Famous personalities
1.	ISTJ	12%	16%	7%	⚡ Harry Truman, Queen Elizabeth II., Warren Buffett, George Washington, Queen Victoria, ⚡ George H.W. Bush, and ⚡ J.D. Rockefeller
2.	ISFJ	14%	8%	19%	Mother Theresa, ⚡ George H.W. Bush, Laura Bush, King George VI, Jimmy Stewart, Clara Barton
3.	INFJ	2%	1%	2%	Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, Emily Bronte, Carl Jung, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Florence Nightingale, Shirley MacLaine, Jimmy Carter
4.	INTJ	2%	3%	1%	Sir Isaac Newton, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Hillary Clinton, Al Gore, ⚡ Bill Gates, Alan Greenspan, Ulysses S. Grant, Stephen Hawking, John Maynard Keynes, Ayn Rand, Isaac Asimov, Lewis Carroll, Cormac McCarthy, Gunter Dueck
5.	ISTP	5%	9%	2%	Katherine Hepburn, Lance Armstrong, Bruce Lee, Michael Jordan, Chuck Yaeger, Rowan Atkinson, Clint Eastwood, Amelia Earhart
6.	ISFP	9%	8%	10%	Barbara Streisand, Cher, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Bob Dylan, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Steven Spielberg, Johnny Carson
7.	INFP	4%	4%	5%	St. John the disciple, William Shakespeare, Albert Schweitzer, George Orwell, Audrey Hepburn, Princess Diana, Fred Rogers, A.A. Milne, Helen Keller, Anne Lindbergh, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Julia Roberts, Isabel Myers (creator of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)
8.	INTP	3%	5%	2%	Socrates, Thomas Jefferson, Rene Descartes, Abraham Lincoln, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, C.G. Jung, Albert Einstein
9.	ESTP	4%	6%	3%	Franklin D. Roosevelt, ⚡ Winston Churchill, ⚡ George W. Bush, Mae West, Eddie Murphy, Bruce Willis, Madonna, Donald Trump, Evel Knievel
10.	ESFP	9%	7%	10%	Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, ⚡ Ronald Reagan, Elizabeth Taylor, Paul McCartney, Bob Hope, Goldie Hawn, Magic Johnson
11.	ENFP	8%	6%	10%	Mark Twain, Bill Clinton, Phil Donahue, Edith Wharton, Carl Rogers, Will Rogers, Carol Burnett, Dr. Seuss, Robin Williams, Drew Barrymore, Julie Andrews, Alicia Silverstone, Joan Baez, Regis Philbin, Molly Brown
12.	ENTP	3%	4%	2%	Catherine II., Benjamin Franklin, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Richard Feynman, Lewis Carroll, Walt Disney, Alfred Hitchcock, John Malkovich, "Weird Al" Yankovic
13.	ESTJ	9%	11%	6%	Queen Elizabeth I., George Washington, Harry Truman, Colin Powell, Judge Judy Sheindlin, Dr. Laura Schlessinger, Sandra Day O’Connor, Mike Wallace, Vince Lombardi
14.	ESFJ	12%	8%	17%	Sam Walton, Barbara Walters, William Howard Taft, JC Penney, Martha Stewart, Sally Field, Mary Tyler Moore, Dave Thomas, Ray Kroc, Dolley Madison
15.	ENFJ	3%	2%	3%	Pope John Paul II, Abraham Maslow, Margaret Mead, Martin Luther King, Mikhael Gorbachev, Jr., Oprah Winfrey, Ralph Nader, Dr. Phil McGraw
16.	ENTJ	2%	3%	1%	Napoleon Bonaparte, Carl Sagan, Douglas MacArthur, General Norman Schwarzkopf, Margaret Thatcher, ⚡ Bill Gates, David Letterman, Harrison Ford, Quentin Tarantino

Mental illness tendencies of Myers-Briggs personality types

Article series The Mental Illness Of Each Myers Briggs Type, presented by the online publication Astroligion, January 2017

Complimentary questionnaire to find out one's Myer-Briggs personality type Human Metrics

Sources and references:
► Overview The Sixteen Personality Types, presented by truity.com, undated
► Article The Definition Of Hell For Each Myers-Briggs Personality Type, presented by Heidi Priebe,12. May 2015

Forum: ► Forums for MB types like INTP Forum (Registration required)

Reference: en.Wikipedia entry ► Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

Referenz: de.Wikipedia entry ► Myers-Briggs-Typenindikator

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Shorthand Myers-Briggs profiles [Kurzprofile der 16 Myers-Briggs-Persönlichkeitstypen]

Shorthand profiles of the 16 Myers-Briggs personality types
Kurzprofile der 16 Myers-Briggs-Persönlichkeitstypen

༺༻	Profile	Profil (deutsch)	Myers-Briggs type Myers-Briggs Typus
1.	Inspector	Inspektor	ISTJ
2.	Protector	Beschützer	ISFJ
3.	Counselor / Lover of beauty and wisdom	Ratgeber Liebhaber von Schönheit und Weisheit	INFJ
4.	Mastermind	Vordenker	INTJ
5.	Artisan	Kunsthandwerker	ISTP
6.	Composer	Komponist	ISFP
7.	Healer / Creative seeker	Heiler Kreativer Suchender	INFP
8.	Architect / Thinker and seeker	Architekt Denker und Sucher	INTP

9.	Dynamo	Dynamiker	ESTP
10.	Performer	Darsteller	ESFP
11.	Champion / Creative Idealist	Meister, Fürsprecher Kreativer Idealist	ENFP
12.	Visionary / Intuitive seeker	Visionär Intuitiver Sucher	ENTP
13.	Supervisor	Vorgesetzter	ESTJ
14.	Provider	Versorger	ESFJ
15.	Teacher	Lehrer	ENFJ
16.	Commander	Kommandant	ENTJ

Sources:
► Overview Profiles of the 16 Myers Briggs Personality Types, presented by truity.com, undated
► Overview 16 personality type profiles, presented by the website Personality Junkie, Dr. A. J. Drenth,
undated

Reference: en.Wikipedia entry ► Four temperaments

Siehe auch: ► Archetypen

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Characteristics of the inferior function

According to Marie-Louise von Franz¹¹, the primitive function will often sabotage one's conscious aims in life.
Having one's full consciousness developed means one is fully aware of one's inferior side.

THINKING TYPES – ENTJ ❁ INTP ❁ ESTJ ❁ ISTP

The inferior function will express itself in disruptive explosive or implosive feelings or in rigid likes and dislikes which are pure prejudice.
Extraverted·thinking	ENTJ • ESTJ	Introverted feeling : depressions, fear of being rejected
Introverted thinking	INTP • ISTP	Extroverted feeling : black-and-white judgments, a two-valued world, tendency to over dependency and sticky, clingy relationships

FEELING TYPES – ENFJ ❁ INFP ❁ ESFJ ❁ ISFP

The inferior function will express itself in domineering and dogmatic opinions which run far beyond one's real certitude.
Extroverted·feeling	ENFJ • ESFJ	Introverted thinking : over-critical, cynical attitudes, tendency to classify people rigidly, getting caught up in a system of thought that one tries to sell
Introverted feeling	INFP • ISFP	Extraverted thinking : overwhelmed with too many ideas, too much material, is forced to oversimplify any description of social reality

SENSING TYPES – ESFP ❁ ISFJ ❁ ESTP ❁ ISTJ
The inferior function will express itself in catastrophic expectation.

Extraverted·sensation	ESFP • ESTP	Introverted intuition : can frighten one with weird vision and fantasies of disaster
Introverted sensation	ISFJ • ISTJ	Extraverted intuition : attracts one to far-out apocalyptic groups or feelings of apocalyptic doom in the collective world

INTUITIVE TYPES – ENFP ❁ INFJ ❁ ENTP ❁ INTJ
The inferior function will express itself in absorption in the material world, especially in piling up possessions, greed, and pleasure seeking which is compulsive.

Extraverted·intuition	ENFP • ENTP	Introverted sensation : will concentrate on inner feelings and pleasure, paradoxically ignores real bodily needs until they cry out to be heard
Introverted intuition	INFJ • INTJ	Extraverted sensation : gets strongly attached to having (in contrast to doing and being), expresses itself in an inferior grasp of space and time facts

Individuation calls for one to become fully aware of the inferior function, "the devil speaking" but also where the angels can come in. One cannot simply tackle the inferior function directly, on a conscious level. Here is where Jung's transcendent function comes in, creating or drawing upon uniting or reconciling symbols which allows one to find not perfection, but wholeness or completeness, and helps one to find useful ways of expressing the opposites in one's life. Jung's concept of religious experience includes this reconci-
liation.

Characteristics of the Inferior Function

༺༻	Features of the "inferior function"
1.	The unconscious often speaks to the conscious mind through the Inferior Function. Therefore, it holds the secret key to becoming an integrated, whole person – a person who can access untapped potentials.
2.	You may often tie into an ecstatic experience through the Inferior Functions (especially in the second half of life).
3.	When used in a conscious way, its use is generally slow compared to the dominant and auxiliary functions and is not used as competently.
4.	You feel like you are behaving either like a fool or a hero.
5.	You can experience either a state of inflation or a state of hopelessness and gloom.
6.	It often shows itself as the despised parts of your personality and maladapted (not congruent to the "Me" you consciously know).
7.	You often experience a touchiness around someone criticizing any work or behavior which involves this function. You may become paralyzed and send your tyrant out to defend yourself.
8.	Your judgment about your ability to use this function competently is not very positive, so you can be easily influenced by others' judgments in matters involving its use.
9.	Behavior can become compulsive – you cannot seem to stop what you are doing even if a part of your conscious mind wants to.
10.	You may often feel a tremendous charge of emotions.
11.	You may be moody.
12.	It is difficult for its opposite function to be usable (example: for a dominant Thinker, when the inferior Feeling function is "in charge", the person cannot think).
13.	Often ideas, thoughts, and feelings that surface are not grounded in reality.
14.	You are not available to other people for "rational" discussions."

Coping with the Inferior Function

༺༻	Features of the "inferior function"
1.	Give it time to function.
2.	Don't attempt work which involves extensive use of this function when you are tired and/or under stress.
3.	Don't expect to use it with the same efficiency as you use your dominant and auxiliary.
4.	Deal with this function with a sense of humor. Observe when old patterns come up and learn to laugh about them. This usually takes away some of the energy invested in the situation and allows you to rebalance. When this happens you can then look at what triggered your habitual response – what "hooked" you.
5.	Remember when you feel foolish that it is the fool who often finds the treasure.
6.	Ask your dominant or auxiliary function to take a vacation so that your inferior function has time to develop. The more it is developed, the easier it will be for you to use it consciously and the less likely are the chances you will experience it as intruding in "unproductive" ways.
7.	Watch for bodily and/or emotional changes which signal its presence.
8.	Look at your projections – they often signal a trait about yourself which you are not consciously willing to own, thus setting yourself up for being in the grips of the inferior function. To do this, examine what qualities, values, or principles you see in the other person that bother you. Remember that it is through the inferior function that the unconscious frequently tries to communicate with you concerning matters about which you need to become conscious.
9.	Look at what you envy in others and take self-ownership.
10.	Have dialogues with the parts of you that you dislike. Write down your thoughts and feelings. Getting this objectivity often allows you to become "more conscious."
11.	Be humble – neither super-critical nor self-pitying.

Reference: ► Article by Michael T. Robinson, Cognitive Functions Explained In Simple Terms,
presented by CareerPlanner.com (1997-2018), undated

See also: ► Enneagram

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List of Socionics types

The Socionics model A of the psyche, using Carl Jung's typology as a foundation, was created in the 1970's by the Lithuanian psychologist, sociologist, and economist Aushra Augusta (†2005). He was the dean of the Vilnius Pedagogical University's department of family science.
Socionics has 16 sociotypes. A person gravitates only to one sociotype, a specific, unique mode of information metabolism. It pairs 8 information elements with 8 functions.

Socionics typology chart

Quadra type	༺༻	Socionics type Description	Characteristics of intro/extroverts	Listing	Names of correlated famous personalities
Alpha	1.	LII – INTj Analyst	Logical intuitive introvert Rational-judging	LIIs	Carrie-Ann Moss, Nicole Kidman, Maximilien Robespierre, Larry Page, Larry King, Immanuel Kant, Colin Powell, Donald Rumsfeld
Beta	5.	LSI – ISTj Inspector	Logical sensing introvert Rational Judging	LSIs	Jason Statham, Burt Reynolds, Dick Cheney, Condoleezza Rice, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Al Pacino, Alex Trebek, Anthony Hopkins
Gamma	9.	ESI – ISFj Guardian	Ethical sensing introvert Rational-judging	ESIs	Meg Ryan, John Travolta, Mischa Barton, David Hasselhoff, Julianne Moore, Kevin Costner
Delta	13.	EII – INFj Empath	Ethical intuitive introvert Rational-judging	EIIs	Abraham Lincoln, Adrien Brody, David Duchovny, John Forbes Kerry, Neve Campbell, Calista Flockhart, Christopher Reeve, Jeremy Irons, James Hillman
Alpha	4.	SEI – ISFp Mediator	Sensing ethical introvert Irrational-perceiving	SEIs	George Lucas, Claire Forlani, Johnny Depp, Kevin Spacey, Danny Devito, John Candy, Matt LeBlanc
Gamma	10.	SEE – ESFp Diplomat	Sensing ethical introvert Irrational-perceiving	SEEs	Milla Jovovich, Britney Spears, Joe Pesci, Gene Hackman, Elizabeth Taylor, Elvis Presley, George W. Bush, Ken Wilber
Delta	16.	SLI – ISTp Craftsman	Sensing logical introvert Irrational-perceiving	SLIs	John Goodman, Angelina Jolie, Jeff Daniels, Harrison Ford, Hayden Christensen, John Malkovich, Mickey Rourke, Grace Kelly
Beta	8.	IEI – INFp Romantic	Intuitive ethical introvert Irrational-perceiving	IEIs	Hans Christian Andersen, Edward Norton, Mahatma Gandhi, Adam Rodriguez, Andy Warhol, Josh Hartnett, Michael Jackson, Garrison Keillor
Gamma	12.	ILI – INTp Critic	Intuitive logical introvert Irrational-perceiving	ILIs	John Rhys-Davies, Dustin Hoffman, George Orwell, Gabriel Verne, Charles Darwin
Alpha	3.	ESE – ESFj Enthusiast	Ethical sensing extrovert Rational-judging	ESEs	Jacques Chirac, Bill Clinton, Jessica Alba
Beta	7.	EIE – ENFj Actor	Ethical intuitive extrovert Rational-judging	EIEs	Michael Moore, David Bowie, Mary Tyler Moore, Michael Douglas
Gamma	11.	LIE – ENTj Entrepreneur	Logical intuitive extrovert Rational-judging	LIEs	Julia Roberts, Brad Pitt, Amanda Peet, Matt Damon
Delta	15.	LSE – ESTj Director	Logical sensing extrovert Rational Judging	LSEs	Mel Gibson, Cindy Crawford, Gillian Anderson, Daniel Craig, George Bush Sr., Bruce Willis, Arnold Schwarzenegger
Alpha	2.	ILE – ENTp Inventor	Intuitive logical extrovert Irrational-perceiving	ILEs	⚡ George Soros, Albert Einstein, Alan Greenspan, Justin Long
Beta	6.	SLE – ESTp Conqueror	Sensing logical extrovert Irrational-perceiving	SLEs	Marlon Brando, Gordon Ramsay, Johnny Knoxville, Mike Tyson
Delta	14.	IEE – ENFp Psychologist	Intuitive Ethical extrovert Irrational-perceiving	IEEs	Katharine Hepburn, Elijah Wood, Keanu Reeves, Michael J. Fox, Heather Graham, David Schwimmer, Diane Keaton, Carrie Fisher

Socionics typology chart

Rational judging type – left brained	Irrational perceiving type – right brained
Tends to plan ahead, make decisions early	Tends to wait and see, more spontaneous
Tends to be rigid and stubborn	Tends to be flexible and tolerant.
Avoids to change decisions	Changes decisions frequently.
Tends to finish what they started.	Tend to start new things without finishing them.
Usually has stiff movements.	Usually has gentle movements.
Gravitates to a more 'authoritarian' leadership style.	Gravitates to a more 'democratic' leadership style.
Has low stress tolerance.	Has high stress tolerance.

Rational types	LII (INTj)	ESE (ESFj)	LSI (ISTj)	EIE (ENFj)	ESI (ISFj)	LIE (ENTj)	EII (INFj)	LSE (ESTj)
Irrational types	ILE (ENTp)	SEI (ISFp)	SLE (ESTp)	IEI (INFp)	SEE (ESFp)	ILI (INTp)	IEE (ENFp)	SLI (ISTp)

ILE, SEI, ESE, LII are Alpha quadra types.

Alpha types are judicious, merry, democratic.

EIE, LSI, SLE, IEI are Beta quadra types.

Beta types are decisive, merry, aristocratic.

SEE, ILI, LIE, ESI are Gamma quadra types.

Gamma types are decisive, serious, democratic.

LSE, EII, IEE, SLI are Delta quadra types.

Delta types are judicious, serious, aristocratic.

To find one's own Socionics type a questionaire is offered: Sociotype Test

See also: ► Enneagram

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Characteristics of the INFP type

Introvert	Quiet, reserved, self sufficient, solidarizing drains their energy, comfortable being alone, processes thoughts internally, needs time alone to recharge
Intuitive	Imagitive, creative, introspective, good at analysis and complex topics, focuses on the future instead of the present, trusts gut instincts
Feeling	Uses personal values, feelings and subjective criteria to make decisions, ruled by the heart, not the head, diplomatic, tactful, empathetic, motivated by appreciation, prefers to avoid arguments and conflicts.
Perceiving	Prefers spontaneity, flexibility, keeping options open, being adaptable, going with the flow, playful, less aware of time, prefers to start projects, questions the need for many rules
Creative	INFPs are extremely imaginative and creative individuals. They like to think outside-the-box and see ingenious or innovative ways to do things.
Sincere	INFPs believe in being authentic as much as possible. Lying is anathema to them, and while INFPs can be guarded, they are extremely turned off by phony or manipulative behavior.
Empathetic	INFPs tend to mirror the emotions of other people – they put themselves in other people's shoes and use their imagination and empathy to have compassion for them. They are very good at listening to other people's problems and concerns without passing judgment. They are skilled at providing a safe space for other people to talk, express themselves, and find support.
Open•minded	INFPs tend to have a live-and-let-live attitude towards others. They don't desire to force their beliefs onto others, and usually they will only call out someone's behavior if it's hurting someone or if it clearly violates their values.
Dedicated	INFPs are passionate about the causes that are close to their hearts. They are very loyal to their beliefs and are dedicated to their vision and ideas for the future. They can be very courageous when fighting for a value or cause they believe in.

INFPs, called "the mediator", "the true harmonizer" and "the authenticator", are paradoxical beings.
1. INFPs are not a fairly uncommon type.
2. INFPs are both curious and shy.
3. INFPs can be extremely determined or apathetic.
4. INFPs can be easygoing or stubborn.
5. INFPs are perfectionists but can also be negligent.
6. INFPs are unconventional and quirky, but also traditional.
7. INFPs want to be autonomous and free, but also have stability and order.
8. INFPs feel happy and sad at the same time.
9. INFPs want the ideal partner, but may find themselves drawn to toxic relationships.
10. INFPs are both children and old souls.
11. INFPs can actually be very productive.
12. INFPs are incredibly relaxed and easygoing about certain things.
13. Although sensitive, INFPs can be incredibly resilient.
14. Although emotional, INFPs are both rational and calculating.
15. Despite being introverts, INFPs can be remarkably talkative.
16. INFPs obtain comfort from structure and the real world.
17. INFPs have the capacity to be incredibly happy.
18. INFPs are human catalysts and adverse to cliques.
19. INFPs are vicarious scapegoats carrying the conscience of the entire human race.
20. INFPs want to help others yet they resist human contact.
21. INFPs are quiet and won't share themselves with just anyone.
22. INFPs enjoy discussing the unusual and lesser-chosen topics.
23. INFPs spend a lot of time ruminating.
24. INFPs are intent to explore all the what-ifs before moving on.
25. INFPs want to understand the reasons behind someone's actions.
26. INFPs may think and speak with metaphors and symbols.
27. INFPs take part in conversations to listen more than to speak.
28. INFPs will feel emotional pain at another's distress.
29. INFPs can cry about something other people may not understand.
30. INFPs dislike following the crowd without a good reason.
31. INFPs may talk to animals and inanimate objects.
32. INFPs may be distracted by the beauty of trees blowing in the wind.

References:
► Article INFP (the authenticator, idealist, & mediator), presented by darbi sue dunbar, 6. May 2017
► Article by Anne Lee 8 Unexpected Traits of the INFP Personality, presented by the publication Introvert Dear, 13. March 2019

INFP AQUARIUS
The INFP Aquarius is probably something of a rebel. The INFP is individual-minded anyway but an Aquarius INFP likely takes this to another level. It's them against the establishment, fighting for the good of humanity. They have noble ideals and values and they are motivated by meaningful causes to which they can devote their passion. The Aquarian INFP wants to help others and they likely have an interest in humanitarianism and philanthropy. They use their creative minds to devise clever unorthodox ideas that challenge the status quo. They are very inspired and enchanted individuals who have the capacity to light a fire in the hearts of others.

Source: ► Article 12 Variations of INPF? – Zodiac And The MBTI, presented by the publication Astroligion, undated

Ten phrases not received graciously by INFP types
1. You're being too emotional.
2. You're too naive.
3. Don't take this personally.
4. Life's not fair.
5. Stop trying to find a deeper meaning.
6. Get your head out of the clouds.
7. You wouldn't understand.
8. Because I said so.
9. You're just like this other person _____ .
10. Lighten up!

Source: ► Blog article 10 Things You Should Never Say to an INFP, presented by Psychology Junkie, Susan Storm, 3. September 2017

ENFPs juxtaposed to INFPs

1.	ENFPs speculate first and feel second.	INFPs feel first and speculate second.
2.	ENFPs enjoy the spotlight.	INFPs shy away from the limelight.
3.	ENFPs use humor to make light of serious situations.	INFPs prefer to delve deeply into serious situations.
4.	ENFPs leap before they look.	INFPs look before they leap.
5.	ENFPs tend to question their extroversion.	INFPs tend to be positive that they're [50%] introverts.
6.	ENFPs are more at risk of losing touch with their feelings.	INFPs are more at risk of losing touch with the external world.
7.	When a loved one is in need of advice, ENFPs offer empowering suggestions.	INFPs offer emotional guidance.
8.	ENFPs fantasize about the different experiences they could have.	INFPs fantasize about the different feelings they could have.
9.	ENFPs are open and welcoming.	INFPs take time to warm up to new people.
10.	ENFPs are highly excitable – even when they are alone.	INFPs are selectively excitable around others.

Source: ► Article 10 Signs You're An ENFP, Not An INFP, presented by the website Thought Catalog, Heidi Priebe, 29. September 2015

Famous INFP personalities	William Shakespeare, Helen Keller, Albert Schweitzer, Fred Rogers, John Lennon, Emily Brontë Princess Diana, Audrey Hepburn, Kurt Cobain, Tori Amos, Ann Morrow Lindberg
INFP aphorism	"In the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was in me an invincible summer." Albert Camus

Written references:
► Article INFP Personality Type – The Idealist, presented personality perfect, undated
► Typology question and answers What is an INFP like?, presented by the Californian question-and-answer website Quora,
Elfriede Ammann, started April 2017
► Article 12 Secrets of the INFP Personality Type, presented by the online publication Introvert, Dear, Jenn Granneman, 14. January 2018
► Article INFP Personality Type Profile, presented by the publication Psychology Junkie, Dr. A.J. Drenth, undated

See also: ► Enneagram

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Characteristics of the four temperaments

Questions raised by the four temperaments

༺༻	Behavior	Question	Temperament	Enneagram type
1.	Cowardice asks the question,	*Is it safe?*	Phlegmatic	Type #9
2.	Expediency asks the question,	*Is it politic?*	Choleric	Type #8
3.	Vanity asks the question,	*Is it popular?*	Sanguin	Type #7
4.	But conscience asks the question,	*Is it right?*	Melancholic	Type #1
❁	And there comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular but one must take it because conscience tells one it is right.

Source: ► Speech by Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) US American Baptist minister, activist, leader of the African American
civil rights movement, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, 1964, Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution, National Cathedral,
Washington, DC, 31. March 1968, Congressional record, 9. April 1968

Differentiating the four temperaments

❄ ❄ ❄	Choleric	Sanguine	Phlegmatic	Melancholic
Motto	"Do it."	"Have fun."	"Be nice to others."	"Do it right."

Characteristics	Determined, quick to act, fiery, energetic, passionate Rational realist Expediency	Warm hearted, outgoing, volatile, optimistic, cheerful Artisan Vanity	Slow, patient, calm, quiet, shy, rational, consistent Idealist Cowardice	Serious, quiet, anticipating, sad, fearful, depressed, poetic, artistic Guardian Conscience
Psyche pole	Extraverted Task-oriented Outgoing	Extraverted People-oriented Outgoing	Introverted People-oriented Reserved	Introverted Task-oriented Reserved

Element	FIRE	AIR	WATER	EARTH
Season	Summer	Spring	Winter	Autumn
Humour	Yellow bile	Blood	Phlegm	Black bile

Personalities	Julius Caesar, Nero, Margret Thatcher, Donald Trump, Oprah Winfrey, Bill O'Reilly¹²	Pope Francis, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Ursula K. LeGuin, Simon Sinek¹³	Mahatma Gandhi, Princess Diana, Nelson Mandela, Dalai Lama, Michael Jackson¹⁴	Socrates, Marie Curie, Vincent van Gogh, Carl Gustav Jung, Albert Einstein, Jordan Peterson, Morgan Freeman¹⁵

Beneficial dealings with people and their respective temperaments

Choleric	Sanguine	Phlegmatic	Melancholic
Honor the realist	Enjoy the entertainer	Respect the watcher	Dignify the idealist
Know they charge ahead doing it now	Let them have fun	Understand they are nice to others	Consider they insist do it right
Be brief	Be exciting	Be amiable, easy-going	Be broad, specific and accurate
Confront and tease them	Be optimistic	Be patient	Provide different perspectives
Challenge the maker	Be friendly	Be appreciative	Engage the shaker
Provide direct answers	Give strokes	Give lots of lead time	Raise deepening questions
Provide high points only	Let them talk	Present change in a non-threatening way	Provide layers of explanations Reassure them of no surprises
Free them from details	Don't dwell on details	Define roles clearly	Provide details Use charts and graphs
Stress results	Put details in writing	Provide support	Point to synchronicities Show how the pieces fit
Stick to business	Provide incentives	Recede their anxiety	Allow for depth and width
Stress logic	Use expert testimonials	Let them sort it out	Allow for the bigger picture to unfold
Emphasize what, when	Emphasize who	Emphasize how, when	Emphasize why

Reference: en.Wikipedia entry ► Four temperaments

Reference: ► Q&A contribution What are the four temperaments?, presented on the Californian
question-and-answer website Quora, Elfriede Ammann, 977 views · 5 upvotes, 10. January 2019

Siehe auch: ► Eigenschaften der vier Temperamente

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Four temperaments correlated with elements, qualities, beings and solids

Overview: Temperaments • Elements • Directions • Bodies •
Properties • Zodiac signs • Angels • Elementals

Temperament	Element	Direction	Property Aristotle		Platonic solid Plato	Signs of the zodiac Astrology	Archangel	Elemental Paracelsus
Choleric	Fire	South	Warm, dry	Hot	Tetrahedron	Aries, Leo, Sagittarius	Michael	Salamander
Melancholic	Earth	North	Cold, dry	Heavy	Dice	Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn	Uriel	Gnome
Sanguin	Air	East	Warm, wet	Bright	Octahedron	Gemini, Libra, Aquarius	Raphael	Sylph
Phlegmatic	Water	West	Cold, wet	Soft	Icosahedron	Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces	Gabriel	Undine

References: en.Wikipedia entries Classical element and ► Astrology and the classical elements

See also: ► Four elements

Siehe auch: ► Vier Temperamente korreliert mit Elementen, Eigenschaften, Wesen und Körpern

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Human Design System

Reference (engl.): ► Human Design System

Referenz (deutsch): ► Human Design System und ► Human Design System

Siehe auch: ► Vier Haupttypen des Menschen

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Links zum Thema Myers-Briggs Typologie / Myers-Briggs typology

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Literatur

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) Schweizer Psychiater, Psychoanalytiker, Gründer einer neuen Denkschule der analytischen Tiefenpsychologie, Autor, Gesammelte Werke, Band 6. Psychologische Typen, Rascher, 10. revidierte Auflage 1967
Lorenz Jung, Herausgeber, Typologie, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv), München, 1990, 1. März 2014
Richard Bents und Reiner Blank, Typisch Mensch. Einführung in die Typentheorie, Beltz & Gelberg, 2. Auflage 1. Januar 1995, 2004 Klassifikations- und Typenbeschreibungen
Doris Märtin (*1957) deutsche Sprachwissenschaftlerin, Kommunikationsberaterin, Vortragsrednerin, Autorin, Leise gewinnt.
So verschaffen sich Introvertierte Gehör, Campus, 2014

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Literature (engl.)

Isabel Briggs Myers (1897-1980) US American author and co-creator of a personality inventory known as the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Peter B. Myers, Gifts Differing. Understanding Personality Type, Davies-Black Publishing, 1980, reprint edition 1995
Jerome Kagan (1929-2021) US American professor of psychology, author, Nancy Snidman, The Long Shadow of Temperament, Harvard University Press, 2009

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Externe Weblinks

Google-Suche zum Stichwort Enneagramm: 141.000 Ergebnisse

Wikipedia-Einträge Keirsey Temperament Sorter, Myers-Briggs-Typenindikator, Temperamentenlehre
Persönlichkeiten David Keirsey (1931-2013)

Human Design

Human Design System, humandesignsystem.info
- Gratis Human Design Körperdiagramm (Rave Chart) Humandesignsystem.info

Artikel Die Persönlichkeitstheorie nach Carl Gustav Jung, präsentiert von der Publikation Gedankenwelt, 4. September 2017
Beitrag Wie ergeht es dir als INFP-Frau?, Referenz zum Märchen Der goldene Vogel, präsentiert von der kalifornischen
Frage-und-Antwort Webseite Quora, Elfriede Ammann, 248 Aufrufe · 3 Likes, 16. April 2019
Beitrag Welche zuverlässigen Merkmale weisen dich als alte Seele aus?, präsentiert von der kalifornischen Frage-und-Antwort Webseite Quora, Elfriede Ammann, 5.9k Aufrufe · 96 Likes, 26. April 2019
Beitrag Was ist Dein Leitspruch im Leben?, präsentiert von der kalifornischen Frage-und-Antwort Webseite Quora, Elfriede
Ammann, 261 Aufrufe · 5 Likes, 31. Dezember 2019

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External web links (engl.)

Wikipedia entries Keirsey Temperament Sorter, Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, Four temperaments
Personalities David Keirsey (1931-2013)

Q&A contribution What is an INFP like?, presented on the Californian question-and-answer website Quora,
Elfriede Ammann, 9.7k views · 137 upvotes, 23. December 2018
Q&A contribution What is like to be an INFP female?, presented on the Californian question-and-answer website Quora,
Elfriede Ammann, 3.2k views · 10 upvotes, 27. December 2018
Q&A contribution What are the four temperaments?, presented on the Californian question-and-answer website Quora,
Elfriede Ammann, 977 views · 5 upvotes, 10. January 2019

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Audio- und Videolinks

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Audio and video links (engl.)

Video presentation by Mark Gungor (*1954) US American pastor, comedian, marriage counselor, international speaker,
The 4 Countries of People, YouTube film, 16:19 minutes duration, posted 6. May 2012

The four basic temperaments i.e. personality types were defined by Plato, Aristotle, Galen (2nd century A.D.), refined by Carl Gustav Jung and Myer-Briggs, and included in the nine types of the Enneagram: #1, #7, #8, #9. Greek physician, outstanding figure in the history of medicine, and healer, Hippocrates of Cos (~460-~370 BC) incorporated the Four temperaments into his medical theories.
Minute 0:10: Control country: Slytherin; Choleric control people, #8: "Get it done." Main desire: appreciation and accomplishments
Minute 2:04: Fun country: Gryffindor; Sanguine fun people, #7: "Have fun." Main desire: attention and socializing
Minute 7:13: Perfect country: Ravenclaw; Melancholic perfect people, #1: "Get it right." Strongest desire: sensitivity and compassion
Minute 12:17: Peace country: Hufflepuff; Phlegmatic peace people, #9: "Get along." Main desire: respect and security

Video presentation by Mark Gungor (*1954) US American pastor, comedian, marriage counselor, international speaker, Lough Your Way: Perfect People, YouTube film, 5:04 minutes duration, posted 28. November 2010

Description of Perfect people: enneagram #1

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Interne Links

Englisch Wiki

Hawkins

¹ Kurzprofile der neun Enneagrammtypen ⇑

² Artikel Persönlichkeit nach Eysenck, präsentier von Online Lexikon für Psychologie und Pädagogik, 5. Oktober 2019 ⇑

³ Blogartikel Das narzisstische Dilemma: Ein Lösungsansatz, präsentiert von der Geschichten-Publikation Medium, The New Worker, Frank Widmayer, 19. Dezember 2017
Anhand der Verhaltenspräferenzen der vier Basistypen ergibt sich für typisch narzisstische Eigenschaften eine auffällige Deckung mit den roten (Dominanz) und gelben (Initiative) Typen. ⇑

⁴ Artikel Eine Studie behauptet, es gäbe nur vier Persönlichkeits-Typen – Welcher wärst du?, präsentiert von der deutschen Wochenzeitschrift Stern, 20. September 2018 ⇑

⁵ Average Neuroticism (+) Extraversion (+) Openness (-)
Self-centered Extraversion (+) Openness (-) Agreeableness (-) Conscientiousness (-)
Role model Neuroticism (-) Extraversion (+) Openness (+) Agreeableness (+) Conscientiousness (+)
Reserved Extraversion (-) Neuroticism (-) Agreeableness (+) Conscientiousness (+)
Article There’s an infinite spectrum of personality types that science will never understand, presented by the US American online portal Quartz, Olivia Goldhill, 20. September 2018 ⇑

⁶ Dr. Daniel Kahneman (*1934) israelisch-amerikanischer Professor für Psychologie, Gründer der Verhaltensökonomie, Nobelpreisträger für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, 2002, Princeton Universität, New Jersey, Autor, Schnelles Denken, langsames Denken, Siedler Verlag, 25. Auflage 21. Mai 2012 ⇑

⁷ Hinton Lecture by Sir Samuel Brittan, one of the United Kingdom's foremost political economists, An Ethical Foreign Policy?, Harvard School of Public Health,
24. November 1999 ⇑

⁸ Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachussetts, 1979
Robert O. Keohane, International Liberalism Reconsidered, in: John Dunn, The Economic Limits to Modern Politics, S. 165-194, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 1990 ⇑

⁹ INTJ Personality Type & Traits, presented by Personality Junkie, Dr. A. J. Drenth, undated ⇑

¹⁰ INFP Personality Type: The Creative Seeker, presented by Personality Junkie, Dr. A. J. Drenth, undated ⇑

¹¹ Lectures on Jung's Typology, Seminar Series, volume 4, Spring Publication, 1. paperback edition January 1983 ⇑

¹² Famous Choleric people ⇑

¹³ Famous Sanguine people ⇑

¹⁴ Famous Choleric people ⇑

¹⁵ Famous Melancholic people ⇑

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