SpiritualWiki - Empathie

With empathy I'm fully with them,
and not full of them – that's sympathy.
Marshall B. Rosenberg (1934-2015)
US American psychologist, psychotherapist,
developer of Nonviolent Communication

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Kontinuierliches Ringen um Empathie

Ein Fuhrmann misshandelt sein abgetriebenes Ross dermaßen mit der Peitsche, dass die Adern des Tieres springen und die Nerven zittern. Einer der untätig, obschon mitleidig Herumstehenden, fragt, was geschehen soll. Die prag-
matische Antwort lautet:

"Reißt dem Wüterich die Peitsche aus der Hand."

Ein Mitzeuge wirft ein:

"Dieser gutgenährte Gaul ist einfach nur störrisch und tückisch. Nur weil er einen mit Stroh beladenen Wagen zieht, will auf sich aufmerksam machen."

Der geistesgegenwärtige Zeuge besteht darauf:

"Wie dem auch sei, reißt erst mal dem Wüterich die Peitsche aus der Hand."

Jakob Wassermann (1873-1934) deutsch-jüdischer Schriftsteller, Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude, S. Fischer Verlag,
Berlin, 1921, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv), 5. Januar 1994, Project Gutenberg, E-Buch, 29. Dezember 2005

Läufer (Schach)

Individuell und kollektiv gilt es, der Gewalt und ihrer ideologischen Rechtfertigung Paroli zu bieten.

Wer die zentrale Rolle des Mitgefühls im menschlichen Leben erkennt, weiß dass die Ge-
schichte menschlicher Zivilisation das Ringen um Empathie darstellt. Wenn Empathie zu Selbstmitleid pervertiert, dient dies dem Hass auf das Leben, der sich nur schwer auflösen lässt. Jeder Mensch ist mit Empathie geboren, die auch unter widrigsten Umständen auf-
steigen kann.

Wer sich mit den Unterdrückern identifiziert, ist unfähig, sich vor dem innewohnenden offenen oder verdeckten Hass zu schützen. Die Sehnsucht nach Liebe wird von der Sehnsucht nach [falscher] Autorität überschattet.
Die Idealisierung von Tätern dient dazu, einen vor Angst und Terror bewahren. Der zivilfeige Mensch fühlt sich schuldig (sündig), weil er ursprünglich die Wahrheit erkennen konnte. Zu-
gleich streitet er diese Sünde fortwährend ab, indem er andere zu Opfern macht und sie dafür bestraft, dass er selbst Opfer geworden ist.
Solange Wohlstand und scheinbare Ordnung herrschen, wird das innere Opfer in Schach gehalten. Bei wirtschaftlicher Not und politischem Chaos taucht der Hass gegen sich selbst wieder auf und wird auf "Feindbilder" abgewälzt. Entsprechend des Quantums an nicht empfangener Liebe in der Kindheit wird das Böse gestattet. Vielen gelingt es nicht, eine eigene Identität zu entwickeln, stattdessen identifizieren sie sich mit jenen, die andere unter-
werfen.

Siehe auch: ► Mitgefühl und ► Sehnsucht und ► Opferhaltung und ► Gewalt und ► Soziologie

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Angeborenes Gutsein ⇔ angeborene Schlechtigkeit

Historisch unterschiedliche Anschauungen hinsichtlich der elementaren menschlichen Natur

Urheber/Quelle	Zeitrahmen	Sozial inkulturierte Anschauungen
Jüdisch-christliche Theologie	1480 v. Chr.-heute	Die Menschen werden mit Erbsünde geboren und erwarten ihre Erlösung.¹

Konfuzius	551-479 v. Chr.	Menschlichkeit ausgedrückt als Freundlichkeit/Güte und Respekt/Würde (jen) gehört zu den grundlegenden moralischen Werten und Tugenden, die im zwischenmenschlichen Miteinander zum Vorschein kommen.

Thomas Hobbes	1588-1679	"Das [menschliche] Leben ist böse, brutal und kurz." "Homo homini lupus est." [Der Mensch ist des Menschen Wolf] – Durch Hobbes wurde das Zitat des römischen Komödiendichters Titus Maccius wieder bekannt.
John Locke	1632-1704	Als unbeschriebenes Blatt geboren, ist der Mensch darauf erpicht, Eigentum zu erwerben.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	1646-1716	"Wir leben in der besten aller möglichen Welten."²
Voltaire [François-Marie Arouet]	1694-1778	Das Leben ist unberechenbar und voller Leiden.
Jean Jacques Rousseau	1712-1778	Alle Menschen sind von Natur aus gut. "Der Mensch wird frei geboren, und überall ist er in Ketten." Durch die Zivilisation wird der Mensch böse.
Adam Smith	1723-1790	Die Menschen sind moralischen Empfindungen zugetan, doch weitgehend von Autonomie und Eigeninteresse getrieben.
Immanuel Kant	1724-1804	"Mitleid für die Schicksale einzelner Menschen zu empfinden, ist eine schwache und jederzeit blinde Gefühlsregung."
Jeremy Bentham	1748-1832	Der Mensch wünscht sich Vergnügen, vermeidet Schmerzen, und wird von utilitaristischen Wünschen gesteuert.
Thomas Malthus	1766-1834	"Wir sind verdammt zu einem immerwährenden Kampf in einer Welt der Knappheit." Mit dieser These rechtfertigte sich die Britische Ostindien-Kompanie für ihren weltweiten Raubzug.
Charles Darwin	1809-1882	Den Menschen ist daran gelegen, ihr Überleben zu sichern, indem sie sich vermehren.
⚡ Sigmund Freud	1856-1939	Aus "Generationen von Mördern" stammend werden Menschen mit einem unstillbaren Sexualtrieb geboren und dem Drang zu töten. Sie streben danach, ihre Libido zu befriedigen.
⚡ Ayn Rand	1905-1982	"Wenn eine Zivilisation überleben will, müssen die Menschen die Moral des Altruismus ablehnen."³

Spiegelneuronenforschung	1990s-heute	Aufgrund ihrer Zugehörigkeit, Empathie, Geselligkeit, Bindung, Zuneigung, Kameradschaft sind die Menschen weich miteinander verschaltet.
Positive Psychologie Martin Seligman (*1942)	1998	Wohlbehagen ist ein gutes Gefühl, das Lebenssinn vermittelt und tragfähige Beziehungen und Erfolge ermöglicht.
Dacher Keltner (*1962)	2009	Menschen werden als Gute geboren⁴, mit der Fähigkeit, sich um andere zu kümmern, bestrebt ein Leben von höchster Qualität zu führen. Die Behauptung, Menschen seien primär auf die Befriedigung ihres Begehrens und die Maximierung ihres Eigeninteresses aus, trifft nicht zu. ~~Wunschbefriedigung, maximiertes Eigeninteresses~~

Buchempfehlung: ► Rutger Bregman (*1988) niederländischer Historiker, Aktivist, Autor,
Im Grunde gut. Eine neue Geschichte der Menschheit, Rowohlt Verlag, 10. März 2020

Siehe auch: ► Gut und Böse

See also: Innate goodness ⇔ innate badness

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Zitate zum Thema Empathie / Empathy

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Zitate allgemein

Persönliche Bekenntnisse

Wir haben in der Welt ganz sicher ein Problem mit Feindseligkeiten, die außer Kontrolle geraten. Der Mensch ist geradezu ein Spezialist darin, andere auszugrenzen. Er dämonisiert Menschen anderer Nationalität oder Religion, erzeugt Ängste und Wut. Diese Gruppen nennen wir dann schnell Unmenschen oder Tiere. Schon ist es leicht, die Unmenschen zu eliminieren, weil man kein Mitgefühl mehr mit ihnen haben muss. Wenn ich die Welt verändern
könnte, würde ich die Reichweite des Einfühlungsvermögens vergrößern.
Prof. Frans de Waal (*1948) niederländischer Zoologe, spezialisiert auf Menschenaffen, Verhaltensforscher, Autor, zitiert in:
Artikel Ich glaube, dass wir Tiere sind, präsentiert von der Schweizer Sonntagszeitung NZZ am Sonntag, 10. April 2011

Appell

Die Welt soll durch Zärtlichkeit gerettet werden.
Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski (1821-1881) russischer Romanschriftsteller, zitiert in: Aphorismen.de

Empathie führt zur inneren Stärke.
Unsere Evolution wurde nicht durch Kampf und Wettbewerb hervorgebracht, sondern durch Kooperation. Menschen,
die zu den kalten Verbrechen der Nazis fähig sind, haben zu wenig Mitgefühl und Liebe erfahren.
Achtsamkeit? Das macht Sinn, aber Empathie ist kein kognitiv-rationaler Prozess. Es ist eine natürliche Wahrneh-
mung, die viel, viel tiefer geht. Interview mit Arno Gruen (1923-2015) deutsch-schweizerischer Psychologe, Psychoanalytiker, Zivilisationskritiker, Schriftsteller, Streiter für das Mitgefühl, präsentiert von der überregionalen deutschen Zeitung Die Tageszei-
tung (taz), Edith Kresta, 8. August 2013

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Empathie ist die Basiskompetenz
des neuen Paradigmas.

Eine Basiskompetenz, die wir in Zukunft brauchen – ob wirtschaftlich oder auch politisch – ist Empathie. Ein möglichst hohes Einfühlungsvermögen in die Dyna-
mik dieser Systeme erlaubt mir ein rechtzeitiges Reagieren.
Wenn Sie über Zukunftsprogrosen nachdenken, bitte glauben Sie nicht, dass Sie bei einem nichtlinearen System heute noch in der Lage sind, langfristige Zukunftsprogrosen zu machen. Das geht
nicht. [...] Die einzige Form der Prognose ist die Empathie in die Wertemuster heute.
Videointerview mit Prof. Dr. Peter Kruse (1955-2015) deutscher Psychologe, Experte in Komplexitätsverarbeitung, Musterbildung, Kontext in intelligenten Netzwerken, Aktivierung kollektiver Intelligenz / Kommunikation, Enquete Netzpolitik vor dem Deutschen Bundestag, 5. Juli 2010, YouTube Film, Minute 5:07, 9:29 Minuten Dauer, eingestellt 15. Juli 2010

Löwenzahnsamen

Empathie fördert die Verbindung, Mitleid bewirkt Trennung.
Empathie ist: "Ich fühle mit dir."
Mitleid ist: "Ich fühle mit dir mit."
Empathie ist, mit den Menschen mitzufühlen. Mit einem
verschlossenem Herzen und Unverwundbarkeit kann man
nicht empathisch sein. Empathie ist die Entscheidung für die Verletzlichkeit. In kultureller HInsicht denken wir fälsch-
licherweise, Verletzlichkeit sei Schwäche.
Mitleid tritt häufig als Reaktion zutage, wenn wir uns dem Ringen eines anderen verschließen wollen.
Männer und Frauen müssen verstehen, dass Verletzlich-
keit der Ausgangspunkt ist, wieder zueinander zu finden
und vertraute Verbundenheit zu erleben.
Videopräsentation mit Fragenbeantwortung von Dr. Brené Brown (*1965) US-amerikanische Professorin für Sozialarbeit, Scham-, Verletzlichkeit- und Empathieforscherin, Universität Houston, Referentin, Autorin, RSA Replay – The Power of Vulnerability [Die Kraft der Verletzlichkeit], präsentiert von RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London, Großbritannien, YouTube Film, Minuten 31:10, 18:02, 20:10, 31:55, 1:01:27 Dauer, gefilmt und eingestellt
4. Juli 2013

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Grenzen aufzeigen dient der Empathie.

Die einfühlsamsten Menschen sind zugleich auch die strengsten Grenzwächter. Grenzen definieren schlicht und einfach, was in Ordnung ist und was nicht. Wir setzen keine Grenzen, sondern erlauben den Menschen, Dinge zu tun, die nicht okay sind oder wir dulden unangemessenes Verhalten, um lediglich nachtragend und hasserfüllt darauf zu reagieren. […]
Eine großherzige Haltung, die den Mitmenschen das Beste zutraut, ist schon beinahe eine egoistische Handlung,
denn damit verändert man zunächst sein eigenes Leben. Welche Grenzen müssen gewahrt bleiben, damit ich meine Rechtschaffenheit beibehalten und dich am wohlwollendsten einschätzen kann? Großzügigkeit kann keineswegs schrankenlos sein. Wenn wir Grenzen zu setzen, fühlen wir uns unwohl, weil das, was die anderen denken könnten, uns wichtiger erscheint. Außerdem wollen wir niemanden enttäuschen, sondern alle sollen uns mögen. Grenzen aufzuzeigen ist nicht einfach. Dennoch betrachte ich die Grenzwahrung als die Voraussetzung für Selbstliebe und
den liebevollen und freundlichen Umgang mit anderen. Ohne Grenzen sind Beziehungen nicht tragfähig. […]
✣ Empathie ohne Grenzen ist keine Empathie.
✣ Mitgefühl ohne Grenzen ist nicht echt.
✣ Verletzlichkeit ohne Grenzen ist keine Verletzlichkeit.

Grenzen sind sehr wichtig. Sie sind weder vorgetäuschte Wände noch eine Trennung. Grenzen dienen nicht der Spaltung, sie sind Respekt. Sie besagen, "Das ist in Ordnung für mich, und das eben nicht."
Videointerview mit Dr. Brené Brown (*1965) US-amerikanische Professorin für Sozialarbeit, Scham-, Verletzlichkeit- und Empathieforscherin, Universität Houston, Referentin, Autorin, Boundaries with Brené Brown, Facebook-Video, Minute 0:09,
1:57, 5:08, 5:53 Minuten Dauer, veröffentlicht ~2015

KarriereSPIEGEL: Herr Groß-Selbeck, wie haben sich die Anforderungen, die an Manager gestellt werden, in den vergangenen Jahren gewandelt?
Groß-Selbeck: Die wichtigste Eigenschaft, die man heute braucht, ist Empathie – die Fähigkeit, andere Menschen
zu verstehen und für eine Sache zu begeistern. Das war früher anders; da reichte es, Dinge von oben anzuordnen.
Interview mit Stefan Groß-Selbeck, deutscher Gastprofessor für Internet und Gesellschaft, Alexander-von-Humboldt-Institut,
Potsdam, Chef des Hamburger Business-Netzwerks Xing (2008-2012), Motivierte Mitarbeiter schaffen das Zehnfache, prä-
sentiert von dem Manager Magazin und dem deutschen Nachrichtenmagazin Spiegel Online "Karriere", 21. April 2011

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Unterschiede zwischen Empathen und hochsensiblen Menschen

Als Psychiaterin und Empathin werde ich häufig gefragt: "Was unterscheidet Empathen von hochsensiblen Menschen?" Nachfolgend gehe ich auf die Ähnlichkeiten und die Überlappungsbereiche von beidem ein. (Ich widme dieser wichtigen Unterscheidung auch ein Unterkapitel in meinem Buch Das Überle-
benshandbuch für Empathen und Hochsensible (2018).) Empathen teilen alle Eigenschaften eines "hochsensiblen Menschen" (HSM), die von Dr. Elaine Aron definiert worden sind. Dazu zählen:
- eine niedrige Stimulationsschwelle,
- das Bedürfnis nach Zeit für sich allein,
- Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Licht, Geräuschen und Gerüchen und
- eine Abneigung gegen Menschenansammlungen.

Hochsensible Menschen brauchen auch länger, um sich nach einem anstrengenden Tag zu entspannen, da der Über-
gang von der Reizüberflutung in die Ruhephase bei ihnen langsamer verläuft. Hochsensible Menschen sind in der Re-
gel introvertiert, während Empathen sowohl introvertiert als auch extrovertiert sein können (wenngleich sie mehrheitlich
introvertiert sind). Empathen teilen die Liebe von hochsensiblen Menschen zur Natur und zu ruhigen Orten, ihren Wunsch, anderen zu helfen, und ihr vielgestaltiges Innenleben.
Allerdings reicht die Erfahrungswelt eines Empathen im Vergleich zu einem hochsensiblen Menschen viel weiter: Wir
können feinstoffliche Energien (die in östlichen Traditionen Shakti oder Prana genannt wird) spüren und sie von ande-
ren Menschen und verschiedenen Örtlichkeiten regelrecht in unserem Körper aufnehmen. Hochsensible Menschen
tun dies normalerweise nicht. Diese Gabe ermöglicht uns, die Umgebungsenergie einschließlich der Gefühle, Stim-
mungen und körperlichen Empfindungen, sehr tiefgründig wahrzunehmen. Deshalb verinnerlichen wir die Gefühle
und Schmerzen anderer energetisch, so dass wir Mühe haben, die Beschwerden anderer von unseren eigenen zu
unterscheiden. Manche Empathen haben nachhaltige spirituelle und intuitive Erlebnisse mit Tieren und der Natur,
die man normalerweise nicht mit hochsensiblen Menschen in Verbindung bringt. Hochsensible Menschen und Empa-
then schließen einander nicht gegenseitig aus. Man kann beides zugleich sein. Viele hochsensible Menschen sind
ebenfalls Empathen. Wenn man sich die Unterschiede angesichts des Empathie-Spektrums vergegenwärtigt, findet
man die Empathen am äußeren rechten Ende. Hochsensible Menschen sind neben ihnen angesiedelt. Menschen
mit starkem Einfühlungsvermögen, die weder HSMn noch Empathen sind, befinden sich in der Mitte. Und Narziss-
ten, Soziopathen und Psychopathen, die an "Störungen mit dazugehörigem Empathiemangel" leiden, sind am äu-
ßeren linken Ende zu finden.
Narzissmus-Empathie-Spektrum
Narzissten Liebevoll-empathische Menschen Hochsensible Menschen Empathen (2%)
I____________________I__________________________I_________________I
Blogartikel von Prof. Dr. med. Judith Orloff (*1951) US-amerikanische Psychiaterin, Universität von Kalifornien in Los Angeles, Sterbebegleiterin, Empathin, spirituelle Lehrerin, Autorin, The Differences Between Highly Sensitive People and Empaths [Was unterscheidet die Hochsensiblen von den Empathen?], präsentiert von der US-amerikanischen Monatsfachzeitschrift Psychologie Heute, "Das Überlebenshandbuch für Empathen", 3. Juni 2017

Auch wenn jeder Mensch über ein gewisses Maß an Empathie verfügt, so sind nur ungefähr 10% tatsächliche Empathen. Und unter diesen sind nochmals 2% sogenannte "Hochempathen", bei denen die Empathie das durchschnittliche Maß weit überschreitet.
Blogartikel Was ist Empathie?, präsentiert von der Publikation Open Mind Akademie, Anne Heintze, undatiert

Referenz: de.Wikiquote-Eintrag ► Empathie

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General quotes

Personal avowals

In the world we certainly have a problem with hostilities that run out of control. Man is actually a specialist when it comes to excluding others. Humans tend to demonize people of another nationality or religion, generating fear and anger. We then tend to label these groups as non-humans or animals. Then it becomes easy to eliminate the non-humans since one isn't required to have empathy with them. If I could change the world I would extend the reach
of empathy. Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director
of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, cited in: Article Ich glaube, dass wir Tiere sind [I believe that we are Animals], presented by the Swiss weekend newspaper NZZ
am Sonntag, 10. April 2011

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Brain scientist Keysers directly studied "mirror neurons".

The question that fascinates me, is how we understand others. I often just look at my wife's face and instantly know how she feels (and thus if I’m in trouble or not). Hollywood movies are a good example, too: your heart beats baster as you watch a tarantula crawl on James Bond's chest in the movie Dr. No. Your hands sweat and your skin tingles under the
spider's legs. Effortlessly, you feel what Bond feels. How? This is what we have found in our discovery of mirror neurons: our brain mirrors the state of other people.
Dr. Christian Keysers (*1973) French-German professor of neuroscience, cited in: Article Empathy and the Gendered Brain: 7 Things Men and Women Need to Know, presented by the US American men's initiative The Good Men Project, Jed Diamond, Ph.D. (*1943) US American psychotherapist, marriage and family counselor, author, 7. March 2014

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Two types of empathy: affective and cognitive empathy

Simon Baron-Cohen suggests that, on average, the male brain is not hard-wired for empathy. But that may be the result of equating empathy with tuning into another person's feeling state. Men may empathize differently than women. Researchers in the empathy field describe two types of empathy. One type is called affective empathy and involves
a shared emotional response that women may be better at achieving. The other type is called cognitive empathy
and involves being able to see the world through the perspective of the other. Men may be better able to access this
type of empathy. Article Empathy and the Gendered Brain: 7 Things Men and Women Need to Know, presented by the US Ame-
rican men's initiative The Good Men Project, Jed Diamond, Ph.D. (*1943) US American psychotherapist, marriage and family counselor, author, 7. March 2014

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Three types of empathy: cognitive, affective, and compassionate

Reference: Blog entry by Daniel Goleman (*1946) US American psychologist, science journalist for the The New York Times, author, Three kinds of empathy: cognitive, emotional, compassionate, presented by the blogspot heartmanity.com, 12. June 2007

Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand how a person feels and what they might be thinking. Cognitive empathy makes us better communicators, because it helps us relay information in a way that best reaches the other person.
Emotional empathy (also known as affective empathy) is the ability to share the feelings of another person. Some have described it as "your pain in my heart." This type of empathy helps you build emotional connections with others.
Compassionate empathy (also known as empathic concern) goes beyond simply understanding others and sharing their feelings: it actually moves us to take action, to help however we can.
Blog article There Are Actually 3 Types of Empathy. Understanding the 3 types of empathy can help you build stronger, healthier relationships., presented by the blogspot Inc.com, Justin Bariso, author, 19. September 2018

US army sergeant K. Rachwal gives a young Pakistani girl a drink
of water as they are airlifted from Muzaffarabad to Islamabad, Pakistan,
aboard a US Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter, 19. October 2005

What I learned is, we have to listen to each other, even when we don't agree, even when we think we hate each other. We have to listen to each others narratives. Not interrupt defensively, or with hostility, but really try to open our hearts and listen with empathy. I learned so much from that meeting. It was a very difficult thing to do and it was one of the best things that I ever did in my life. Look what scares you in the face, and try to understand it. Empathy,
I have learned, is revolutionary. TV Video interview with Jane Fonda (*1937) Academy Award-winning US American actress, political activist, philanthropist, speaker, author, Listen with empathy... Empathy, I have learned, is revolutionary!, presented by Oprah's Master Class, first aired 8. January 2012, YouTube film, 0:46 minutes duration, posted 4. April 2013

I think the basis of acting is empathy. I have always thought that; knowing how other people feel.
Classic interview with Harrison Ford (*1942) US American actor, film producer, Harrison Ford Reflects on Nature and Acting, YouTube film, presented by the US American web portal Big Think, 1:43 minutes duration, posted 23. April 2012

I saw people die, I saw loved ones separated, I saw cruelty and hunger on a daily basis [during World War II]. Nothing is more important than empathy for another human being's suffering. Not a career, not wealth, not intelligence, certainly not status. We have to feel for one another if we're going to survive with dignity.
Audrey Hepburn (1929-1993) British-Dutch actress, humanitarian, special ambassador for UNICEF, cited in: Diana Maychick,
Audrey Hepburn. An Intimate Portrait, S. 47, Carol, New York, 1993

Calling

I want us to organize, to tell the personal stories that create empathy, which is the most revolutionary emotion.
Gloria Steinem gloriasteinem.com (*1934) leading US American feminist of the new women's move-
ment, visionary and political activist, founder and editor of the feminist magazine Ms., journalist, writer, cited in: AZ Quotes

Insights

One doesn't have to operate with great malice to do great harm. The absence of empathy and understanding are sufficient. Charles M. Blow (*1970) US American journalist, visual op-ed columnist for The New York Times, Campaign Stops. I Know Why the Caged Bird Shrieks, presented by the US American daily newspaper The New York Times, 19. September 2012

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Empathy mode (people) ⇔ I mode (things)

When our empathy is switched off, we are solely in the 'I' mode. In such a state we relate only to things or to people as if they were just things.
Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D. (*1958) British professor of developmental psychopathology, departments of psychiatry and psychology, University of Cambridge, The Science of Evil. On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, Basic Books, 1st edition 4. September 2012

We talk a lot about our right to freedom of speech, but we need to talk more about our responsibility to freedom
of speech. We all want to be heard, but let's acknowledge the difference between speaking up with intention and speaking up for attention. The Internet is the superhighway for the id, but online, showing empathy to others bene-
fits us all and helps create a safer and better world. We need to communicate online with compassion, consume
news with compassion, and click with compassion. Video presentation by Monica Lewinsky (*1973) US American former White House intern (1995-1996), media shaming target #1 due to a political sex scandal with US president Bill Clinton, 1998,
social psychologist, anti-cyberbullying activist, The price of shame transcript, presented by TED Talks, Vancouver, Canada,
minute 19:51, 22:31 minutes duration, filmed 19. March 2015, posted 20. March 2015

When the other person is hurting, confused, troubled, anxious, alienated, terrified; or when he or she is doubtful of
self-worth, uncertain as to identity, then understanding is called for.
The gentle and sensitive companionship of an empathic stance […] provides illumination and healing. In such situations deep understanding is, I believe, the most precious gift one can give to another.
⚡ Carl Rogers, Ph.D. (1902-1987) influential American professor of psychology and psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, CIA
MKUltra agent, co-founder of the humanistic approach to psychology, president of the American Psychological Association (APA) (1947), author, essay Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being, Centre for Studies of the Person, La Jolla, California, presented
by the The Counseling Psychologist, volume 5, No. 2-10, 1975

Over the years, however, the research evidence keeps piling up, and it points strongly to the conclusion that a high degree of empathy in a relationship is possibly the most potent and certainly one of the most potent factors in bringing about change and learning. ⚡ Carl Rogers, Ph.D. (1902-1987) influential American professor of psychology and psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, CIA MKUltra agent, co-founder of the humanistic approach to psychology, president of the American Psycho-
logical Association (APA) (1947), author, essay ''Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being’', presented by the peer-reviewed academic journal The Counseling Psychologist, volume 5, No. 2-10, 1975

Peaches, Lyman Orchards, Middlefield, Connecticut

Empathy is the most radical of human emotions.
Empathy is the most revolutionary emotion.
Video keynote address by Gloria Steinem gloriasteinem.com (*1934) leading US American feminist of the new women's movement, visionary and political activist, founder and editor of the feminist magazine Ms., journalist, writer, University of Idaho Women's Center 40th Anniversary Celebration - Gloria Steinem Keynote Adress, sponsored by the University of Idaho Women's Center 40th Anniversary Celebration, Moscow, Idaho, 4. October 2012, YouTube film, minute 55:50, 1:32:13 duration, posted 5. October 2012

Don’t believe anyone who says that since nature is based on a struggle for life, we need to live like this as well. Many animals survive not by eliminating each other or by keeping everything for themselves, but by cooperating and sharing. This applies most definitely to pack hunters, such as wolves or killer whales, but also our closest relatives, the primates. In a study in Taï National Park, in Ivory Coast, chimpanzees took care of group mates wounded by leopards, licking their blood, carefully removing dirt, and waving away flies that came near the wounds. They protected injured companions, and slowed down during travel in order to accommodate them. All of this makes perfect sense given that chimpanzees live in groups for a reason, the same way wolves and humans are group animals for a reason. If man is wolf to man, he is so in every sense, not just the negative one. We would not be where we are today had our ancestors been socially aloof. What we need
is a complete overhaul of assumptions about human nature. Too many economists and politicians model human
society on the perpetual struggle they believe exists in nature, but which is a mere projection. Like magicians, they first
throw their ideological prejudices into the hat of nature, then pull them out by their very ears to show how much nature agrees with them. It's a trick for which we have fallen for too long. Obviously, competition is part of the picture, but humans can't live by competition alone. Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, The Age of Empathy. Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society, S. 6, Crown, 1st edition 22. September 2009

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Fairness study on altruism, empathy and ethics of chimpanzees, dogs, and elephants

Empathy is expressed via
a) the body channel: as the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and
b) the cognitive channel: as the ability to take the perspective of another.

What is morality based on? These are the two factors that always come out:
1. One is reciprocity, […] a sense of fairness,
2. and the other one is empathy and compassion.

Video presentation by Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, Moral behavior in animals, presented by TEDx Peachtree Talks, minute 3:10,
16:34 minutes duration, filmed November 2011, posted April 2012

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Humans are soft-wired for sociability, (attachment).

[W]e are actually soft-wired not for aggression and violence and self interest and utilitarianism, we are actually soft-wired for sociability, 'attachment' (as John Bowlby might have said), affection, companionship.

And the first drive is the drive to actually 'belong'. It's an empathic drive.
Empathy is the opposite of Utopia. There is no empathy in Heaven, I guarantee you, I'll tell you before you get there. There isn't any empathy in Heaven because there's no mortality. There's no empathy in Utopia because there is no suffering.
Empathy is grounded in the acknowledgement of death and the celebration of life and rooting for each other
to flourish and be. It's based on our frailties and imperfections. Video animation and narration Jeremy Rifkin (*1945)
US American economist, political advisor and activist, founder and president of the Foundation On Economic Trends, public
speaker, author, The Empathic Civilisation, presented by RSA Animate, RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, YouTube film, minute 2:38, 10:39 minutes duration, posted 6. May 2010

The most valuable and profitable business skill is compassion [i.e. proactive empathy].
Removed video interview with Eben Pagan, US American Internet marketeer, developer of ten information product brands, Eben Pagan – Compassion, presented by Money Master Interview, host Anthony Robbins (*1960) US American life coach, motivational speaker, self-help author, YouTube film, minute 0:05, 4:33 minutes duration, posted 24. August 2012

Self-absorption in all its forms kills empathy, let alone compassion. When we focus on ourselves, our world contracts
as our problems and preoccupations loom large. But when we focus on others, our world expands. Our own problems
drift to the periphery of the mind and so seem smaller, and we increase our capacity for connection – or compassionate
action. Daniel Goleman (*1946) US American psychologist, science journalist, author, Social Intelligence. The New Science of Human Relationships, Bantam Books, 26. September 2006, reprint edition 31. July 2007

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Male brains are more wired for systemizing than for empathizing.

The female brain is predominantly hard-wired for empathy.
The male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems. Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D. (*1958) British professor of developmental psycho-
pathology, departments of psychiatry and psychology, University of Cambridge, The Essential Difference. The Truth about the Male and Female Brain, Basic Books, reprint edition 18. August 2004

Empathy is […] the art of stepping imaginatively into the shoes of another person, understanding their feelings and perspectives, and using that understanding to guide your actions.
Roman Krznaric, Ph.D., Australian-British professor of sociology and politics, Cambridge University, cultural thinker, founding faculty member of The School of Life, London, empathy expert and advisor to organizations (Oxfam and United Nations), author, Empathy. Why It Matters, and How to Get It [Empathy. A Handbook for Revolution], Perigee Trade, 4. November 2014

Empathy is an ideal that has the power both to transform our own lives and to bring about fundamental social change. Empathy can create a revolution. Not one of those old-fashioned revolutions based on new laws, institutions or governments, but something much more radical: a revolution of human relationships.
Roman Krznaric, Ph.D., Australian-British professor of sociology and politics, Cambridge University, cultural thinker, founding faculty member of The School of Life, London, empathy expert and advisor to organizations (Oxfam and United Nations), author, Empathy. A Handbook for Revolution, Ebury Digital, 6. February 2014

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Tuning into self and others may be equally important ways to "know thyself."

The existence of mirror neurons suggests a radical redefinition of what it means to be human: the boundaries of the self extend beyond our skin and bone physicality.
Roman Krznaric, Ph.D., Australian-British professor of sociology and politics, Cambridge University, cultural thinker, founding faculty member of The School of Life, London, empathy expert and advisor to organizations
(Oxfam and United Nations), author, cited in: article Empathy and the Gendered Brain: 7 Things Men and Women Need to Know,
presented by the US American men's initiative The Good Men Project, Jed Diamond, Ph.D. (*1943) US American psychotherapist, marriage and family counselor, author, 7. March 2014

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Empathic drive: Humans are soft-wired for sociability, attachment, affection, companionship.

Minute 9: Enlightenment philosophers of the 18th/19th century saw humans as materialistic, self interested, utilitarian, pleasure seeking, and libido driven.

A whole range of new mirror neurons research going on in neuropsychology, brain research, and in child development suggests that
➤ we are actually soft-wired not for aggression and violence and self interest and utilitarianism
➤ that we are actually soft-wired for sociability, 'attachment' as John Bowlby might have said, affection, companionship,
➤ and that the first drive is the drive to actually 'belong'. It's an empathic drive. Minute 14:29 [...]
The real invisible hand is empathy. Minute 25:45
Video presentation by Jeremy Rifkin (*1945) US American economist, political advisor and activist, founder and president of the Foundation On Economic Trends, public speaker, author, The Big Idea of the 21st Century: The Empathic Civilization, presented
by RSA Animate, RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, YouTube film, 51:45 minutes duration, posted 18. March 2010

Emotional intelligence always requires being empathic with yourself. And that paradoxically allows you to be even more present for those you love. Take a cue from a temple, Sanjūsangen-dō, in Kyoto. There, a thousand boddhisattvas of compassion are guarded by 28 fierce deities. The ancients knew that empathy, compassion, and loving kindness need special protections. Article by Robin Stern, Ph.D., Diane Divecha, Ph.D., The Empathy Trap. Putting yourself in someone else's shoes is good, but not when it becomes the default mode of relating to others. Too much empathy can blind you to your own needs., presented by the US American bimonthly magazine Psychology Today, published 4. May 2015

Empathy is a narrative we tell ourselves to make other people real to us, to feel for and with them, and thereby to extend and enlarge and open ourselves. To be without empathy is to have shut down or killed off some part of your-
self and your humanity, to have protected yourself from some kind of vulnerability. Silencing, or refusing to hear,
breaks this social contract of recognizing another's humanity and our connectedness.
Rebecca Solnit (*1961) US American culture historian, journalist, writer, The Mother of All Questions, Haymarket Books,
paperback, 7. March 2017, cited in: Breaking Silence as Our Mightiest Weapon Against Oppression, presented by the free
weekly digest Brain Pickings, host Maria Popova (*1984) Bulgarian critic, blogger, writer, 20. March 2017

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Differences between empaths and highly sensitive people

As a psychiatrist and an empath, I often get asked, "What is the difference between empaths and highly sensitive people?" The following are the similarities and areas of overlap. (I also devote a section of The Empath's Survival Guide. Life Strategies for Sensitive People (2017) to this important distinction.)
Empaths share all the traits of what Elaine Aron, Ph.D., has called "Highly Sensitive People," or HSPs. These include:
- a low threshold for stimulation;
- the need for alone time;
- sensitivity to light, sound, and smell; and
- an aversion to large groups.

It also takes highly sensitive people longer to wind down after a busy day, since their ability to transition from high stimulation to being quiet is slower. Highly sensitive people are typically introverts, while empaths can be introverts or extroverts (although most are introverts). Empaths share a highly sensitive person's love of nature and quiet environ-
ments, their desire to help others, and their rich inner life.
However, empaths take the experience of the highly sensitive person much further: We can sense subtle energy (called Shakti or Prana in Eastern traditions) and actually absorb it from other people and different environments into our own bodies. Highly sensitive people don't typically do that. This capacity allows us to experience the energy around us, including emotions and physical sensations, in extremely deep ways. And so we energetically internalize the fee-
lings and pain of others – and often have trouble distinguishing someone else's discomfort from our own. Also, some
empaths have profound spiritual and intuitive experiences – with animals, nature – which aren't usually associated with
highly sensitive people.
Being a highly sensitive person and an empath are not mutually exclusive: One can be both, and many highly sensitive
people are also empaths. If you think about this distinction in terms of an empathic spectrum, empaths are on the far
end; highly sensitive people are a little further in; people with strong empathy who are not HSPs or empaths are in the
middle; and narcissists, sociopaths, and psychopaths who have "empath-deficient disorders" are at the far opposite end.
The Empathic Spectrum
Narcissists Loving empathic people HSPs Empaths
I______________________I____________________I_______________I
Blog article by Judith Orloff, M.D., Ph.D. (*1951) US American assistant professor of psychiatry, UCLA, empath, dying companion, lecturer, author, The Differences Between Highly Sensitive People and Empaths, presented by the US American bimonthly magazine Psychology Today, The Empath's Survival Guide, 3. June 2017

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Three types of responses to the European refugee/migrants crisis 2015/2016

The old body of past rules and regulations is increasingly out of touch with what is actually going on (EU Asylum policies out of touch with the actual humanitarian crisis of refugees dying while trying to get to Europe).
As the crisis intensifies, systems move towards breakdown and collapse.
As systems move towards collapse, people and leaders from across all sectors react with one of the following three responses:

Behavior	Description	Examples
*Regression*	Revert back to old behaviors that activate the Amygdala part of our (instinctual) brain: using direct violence (like burning houses) or structural violence (building walls) against foreigners and refugees to keep or move them out.	Viktor Orban, Donald Trump, and most of the far right in Europe and the United States.
*Muddling through*	More of the same. More meetings. More words. More declarations. More hypocrisy.	Prime Minister David Cameron, who finds eloquent words but does remarkable little to help in the refugee crisis, especially given his country's involvement in the Iraq war.
*Empathic-human response*	Attending to the emergency situation, stopping and letting-go of our old body of routines and behaviors (that may have outlived their usefulness) and letting-come of human generosity that arises from co-sensing the kind of help that this situation is calling us to co-create.	Chancellor Angela Merkel and the crowds at German train stations offering SIM Cards, toys, food, and their own homes.
Source: ► Blog article by Otto Scharmer ottoscharmer.com (1961) German American senior lecturer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), founding chair of the Presencing Institute, core faculty member of the United Nations leaders program, As Systems Collapse, Citizens Rise*, presented by the US American liberal-oriented online newspaper Huffington Post, 7. September 2015, updated 7. September 2016

Pornography has always presented women as objectified bodies for male sexual pleasure, but each year porno-
graphy does that with more overt cruelty toward women. The "gonzo" genre of pornography, where the industry
pushes the culture's limits with the most intense sexual degradation, encourages men to see women as vehicles
for their sexual pleasure, even depicting women as eager to participate in their own degradation.
After more than two decades of work on this subject, I have no doubt of one truth about contemporary pornogra-
phy: It is one way that men's capacity for empathy can be dramatically diminished.
Empathy is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the work that challenges the domination/subordination dy-
namic of existing hierarchies, and transcending that dynamic is crucial if there is to be a just and sustainable future.
Robert Jensen, Ph.D. (*1958) US American professor of journalism, University of Austin, Texas, radical feminist, author, Pornography Is What the End of the World Looks Like, presented by the US American men's initiative The Good Men Project,
11. August 2011

Empathy seems to be seen as a weakness. We condition people to withdraw it to succeed. But really, it needs to
be re-seen as a strength again if there is to be any kind of hope in the world.
Matt Bellamy (*1978) English musician, multi-instrumentalist, singer, composer, principal songwriter of rock band Muse, cited in:
10 Matt Bellamy Quotes About Music, Playing Guitar, and the Universe

Reference: en.Wikiquote entry ► Empathy

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Quotes by Brené Brown

Personal avowals

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Empathy is the antidote to epidemic shame.

Shame is an epidemic in our culture. […] Empathy is the antidote to shame.
If you put shame in a petri dish, it needs three things things to grow exponentially: secrecy, [pathological] silence and judgement.
If you put the same amount of shame into a petri dish and douse it with empathy it can't survive.
Video presentation by Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, Listening to shame, presented by TED Talks 2012, YouTube film, minute 18:07, 20:22 minutes duration, posted 16. March 2012

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Empathy ⇔ sympathy

Empathy fuels connection, sympathy drives disconnection.
Empathy is, 'I'm feeling with you.' Sympathy is, 'I'm feeling for you.'
Empathy is feeling with people. With a locked up heart, with invulnerability, you cannot be empathic. Empathy is a vulnerable choice. Culturally, we mistakenly think that vulnerability is weakness.
Sympathy is often how we respond when we don't want to respond to somebody else's struggle.
Men and women have to understand that vulnerability is the path back to each other and the path to intimacy.
Video presentation including Q&A by Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, RSA Replay – The Power of Vulnerability, presented by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London, United Kingdom, YouTube film, minute 31:10, 18:02, 20:10, 31:55, 1:01:27 duration, recorded and posted 4. July 2013

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Four qualities of empathy

The four qualities of empathy found by the British clinical psychologist and nursing scholar Theresa Wiseman are:
1. Ability to take perspective of another person or recognize their perspective as their truth
2. Staying out of judgment [not easy]
3. Recognizing emotion in other people
4. Communicating that

Video animation by the illustration website gobblynne featuring Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, RSA Shorts – The Power of Empathy, presented by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London, United Kingdom, recorded 4. July 2013, YouTube film, minute 0:14, 2:53 minutes duration, posted
10. December 2013

Living a connected life ultimately is about
➤ setting boundaries,
➤ spending less time and energy hustling and winning over people who don’t matter,
➤ and seeing the value of working on cultivating connection with family and close friends.
Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, Daring Greatly. How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead, Gotham, 1st edition 11. September 2012

The most compassionate people [are] also the absolutely most boundaried. Boundary is simply what's ok and what's not ok. We don't set boundaries. We let people do things that are not ok or get away with behaviors that are not ok,
then we are just resentful and hateful. […]
Generosity, to assume the best about people, is almost an inherently selfish act, because the life you change first is your own. What boundaries need to be in place for me to stay in my integrity and make the most generous assump-
tions about you? But generosity cannot exist without boundaries. And we are not comfortable setting boundaries, because we care more about what people will think, and we don't want to dissappoint anyone, we want everyone
to like us. And boundaries are not easy, but I think they are the key to self-love and treating others with loving
kindness. Nothing is sustainable without boundaries. […]
✣ Empathy minus boundaries is not empathy.
✣ Compassion minus boundaries is not genuine.
✣ Vulnerability without boundaries is not vulnerability.

Boundaries are frickin' important. They are not fake walls, they are not separation. Boundaries are not division, they
are respect. They are 'Here's what's ok for me and what's not.'
Video interview with Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College
of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, Boundaries with Brené Brown, Facebook video, minute 0:09,
1:57, 5:08, 5:53 minutes duration, posted ~2015

Reference: en.Wikiquote entry ► Brené Brown

Reference: Quote collection 17 Brene Brown Quotes to Inspire You to Success and Happiness,
presented by the US American monthly business publication Inc. magazine, Peter Economy, 8. January 2016

Siehe auch: ► Zitate über Scham – Brené Brown

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Englische Texte – English section on Empathy

[Edit]

Three types of empathy: cognite, affective and compassionate

Two types of empathy: cold, cognitive, left and hot, affective, right

༺༻	Empathy·circuit	Legend	Activated brain area
1.	Cold empathy	Impersonal moral dilemmas solvable with reasoning and rational thought	Prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex (in particular, the anterior paracingulate cortex, the temporal pole, and the superior temporal sulcus)
2.	Hot empathy	Personal moral dilemma engaging emotions	Amygdala (center of emotions)

Originator: ► Joshua Greene, Ph.D., US American professor of the social sciences, experimental psychologist, Harvard University, neuroscientist, philosopher, author Greene found that there are two distinct expressions of empathy: hot and cold.

Cognitive and affective types of empathy

༺༻	Type of empathy	Gender distribution	Expression of empathy
1.	Cognitive empathy	Predominantly men	Seeing the world through the perspective of the other
2.	Affective empathy	Predominantly women	Shared emotional response, tuning into another person's feeling state

Written source:
► Article by Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D. (*1958) British professor of developmental psychopathology, departments of psychiatry and
psychology, University of Cambridge, stipulates two types of empathy: affective and cognitive empathy. Empathy and the Gendered
Brain: 7 Things Men and Women Need to Know, presented by the US American men's initiative The Good Men Project,
Jed Diamond, Ph.D. (*1943) US American psychotherapist, marriage and family counselor, author, 7. March 2014

Three types of empathy: cognitive, emotional (affective) and compassionate

༺༻	Type of empathy	Definition	Respective question
1.	Cognitive empathy	The ability to comprehend what another might feel or think, a channel of “information”; helps to communicate more matter-of-factly (down to earth)	"What is this man, woman or child going through?"
2.	Emotional empathy	The ability to understand the feelings of another through an emotional connection	"How does this man, woman or child feel?"
3.	Compassionate·empathy	It goes far beyond the first two types, as it involves action. He who understands and shares the feelings of a fellow human being can actually help.	"What can I do to help?"

References:
► Removed blog entry by Daniel Goleman (*1946) US American psychologist, science journalist for the The New York Times, author, Three
kinds of empathy: cognitive, emotional, compassionate]], presented by the blogspot danielgoleman.info, 12. June 2007
► Blog article There Are Actually 3 Types of Empathy. Understanding the 3 types of empathy can help you build stronger, healthier
relationships., presented by the blogspot Inc.com, Justin Bariso, author, 19. September 2018

Empathy with ... ⇔ sympathy for ...

༺༻	Features of empathy		Features of sympathy
1.	Empathy fuels connection.		Sympathy drives disconnection.
2.	Empathy is feeling with people.	'I'm feeling with you.'	Sympathy is feeling for people.	'I'm feeling for you.'
3.	Empathy is a vulnerable choice. Vulnerability is the path back to each other and to intimacy.		Invulnerability (a closed heart) cannot be empathic.
4.	Culturally, we mistakenly think that vulnerability is weakness.		We don't want to respond to somebody else's struggle.

Source:
► Video presentation including Q&A by Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher,
Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, RSA Replay – The Power of Vulnerability, presented
by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London, United Kingdom,
YouTube film, minutes 31:10, 18:02, 20:10, 31:55, 1:01:27 duration, recorded and posted 4. July 2013

Siehe auch: ► Gegenüberstellung von Patristik und Matristik

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Features of empaths – Judith Orloff

Ten characteristics of empaths

༺༻	Characteristics of empaths	Remark
1.	Empaths are highly sensitive.	Empaths are naturally giving, heartfelt, spiritually open, and good listeners. They are world-class nurturers. Their feelings can easily be hurt. They are often told that they are "too sensitive" and need to toughen up.
2.	Empaths absorb other people's emotions.	Empaths are highly attuned to other people's good or bad oods. They feel everything, sometimes to an extreme. Taking on negativity (anger/anxiety), they feel exhausted. Around peace and love, their bodies flourish.
3.	Many empaths are introverted.	Empaths, predominantly introverted, become overwhelmed in crowds, which can amplify their empathy. They prefer one-to-one contact or small groups. Even more extroverted empaths prefer limiting the time they spend in crowds or at a party.
4.	Empaths are highly intuitive.	Empaths experience the world through their intuition. It is important for them to develop their intuition and listen to their gut feelings about people. This will help empaths find positive relationships and avoid energy vampires.
5.	Empaths need alone time.	As super-responders, being around people can drain an empath so much that they periodically need alone time to recharge their batteries. Even a brief escape prevents emotional overload.
6.	Empaths can become overwhelmed in intimate relationships.	Too much togetherness can be difficult for an empath, so they may avoid intimate relationships, afraid of being engulfed and losing their identity. For empaths to be at ease in a relationship, the traditional paradigm for being a couple must be redefined.
7.	Empaths are targets for energy vampires.	An empath's sensitivity makes them particularly easy marks for energy vampires (such as victim, chronic talker, drama queen), whose fear or rage can sap their physical nergy and peace of mind. Psychopaths can make them believe they’re unworthy and unlovable.
8.	Empaths become replenished in nature.	The busyness of everyday life can be too much for an empath. Nature (green wild, water bodies) nourishes and restores them, helping them to release their burdens.
9.	Empaths have highly tuned senses.	An empath's nerves can get frayed by noise, smells, or excessive talking.
10.	Empaths have huge hearts but sometimes give too much.	Big-hearted empaths try to relieve the pain of others. Doing so, they tend to take it on, which leaves them feeling drained or upset.

Source: ► Judith Orloff, M.D., Ph.D. (*1951) US American assistant professor of psychiatry, UCLA, empath,
dying companion, lecturer, author, The Empath's Survival Guide. Life Strategies for Sensitive People,
US American multimedia publishing company Sounds True, 4. April 2017

See also: ► Intuition and ► Sensitivity

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Traits of an empath – Christel Broederlow

Thirty of the most common traits of empaths

1.	Empaths just know stuff, without being told.	16.	Empaths get bored or distracted easily if not stimulated.
2.	Being in public places can be overwhelming for empaths.	17.	Often labelled as being lazy, empaths refuse to do things they don't enjoy.
3.	Empaths feel others emotions and taking them on as your own.	18.	Empaths strive for the truth.
4.	Watching violence, cruelty or tragedy on the TV is unbearable for empaths.	19.	Empaths always look for the answers and knowledge.
5.	Empaths know when someone is not being honest.	20.	As free spirits empaths like adventure, freedom and travel.
6.	Empaths pick up physical symptoms off another.	21.	Empaths abhor clutter.
7.	Empaths suffer digestive disorders and lower back problems.	22.	Empaths love to daydream.
8.	Empaths always look out for the underdog.	23.	Empaths finds routine, rules or control, imprisoning.
9.	Others, even strangers, will want to offload their problems on empaths.	24.	Empaths are prone to carry weight without necessarily overeating.
10.	Empaths suffer constant fatigue.	25.	Empaths are excellent listeners.
11.	Empaths have an addictive personality.	26.	Empaths do not tolerate narcissism.
12.	Empaths are drawn to healing, holistic therapies and metaphysics.	27.	Empaths can feel the days of the week.
13.	Empaths are creative, enjoy singing, dancing, acting, drawing or writing.	28.	Empaths refuse to buy pre-owned things (antiques, vintage or second-hand).
14.	Empaths love nature and animals.	29.	Empaths sense the energy of food (meat or poultry).
15.	Empaths have a need for solitude.	30.	Empaths can appear moody, shy, aloof, disconnected.

Source: ► Article If You Have These 30 Traits, Consider Yourself An Empath,
presented by the publication Your Tango, Christel Broederlow, writer, 16. June 2020

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Behavioral features of empathy

Six habits of highly empathic people

Habit 1	Cultivate curiosity about strangers.
Habit 2	Challenge prejudices and discover commonalities.
Habit 3	Put yourself in another person's life.	Mirror neuronal empathy
Habit 4	Listen hard – and open up tenderly.
Habit 5	Develop an intense imagination.
Habit 6	Inspire mass action and social change.

Sources featuring Roman Krznaric, Ph.D., Australian-British professor of sociology and politics, Cambridge University, cultural thinker, founding faculty member of The School of Life, London, empathy expert and advisor to organizations (Oxfam and United Nations), author
► Article Six Habits of Highly Empathic People, presented by the free online publication Greater Good Magazine, UC Berkeley, California,
27. November 2012
► Article Six Habits of Highly Empathic People, presented by the publication Daily Good, syndicated from the Greater Good Science
Center, UC Berkeley, 25. August 2013

Reference: en.Wikipedia entry ► Mirror neuronal empathy

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Integrative thinking – Daniel Pink

Integrative Thinking is the marriage of the left and the right brain.
Thinking outside the box seems hard in a surrounding where most people think, in fact, dwell inside the box.

Right-brained qualities and expressions

In his book A Whole New Mind. Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future (Riverhead Trade, March 2006)
Daniel Pink depicts six right brain aptitudes that may enhance life, learning and careers:
Design, story, symphony, empathy, play, and meaning.

༺༻	Quality Expression	Legend	Ref.
1.	Design	Superseding function(ionality) to engage in patterns and senses. Design is a whole-minded skill, engineering and aesthetics.	Minute 26:17
2.	Story	Conveying ideas and promoting products and services works better by narratives, not just by arguments. Facts are less valuable since anyone can google them on the Internet. Commercials and movies tell stories, give series of episodes, which deliver facts with impact. Story is more effective because that is how humans operate. Communication counts, saying things well is a valued skill.	Minute 36:31
3.	Symphony	Ability to see the big picture thinking (not just detail focus), adding invention (creativity). Seeing the big picture, filtering out meaningful currents from the host of information, combining two things into something new. The challenge is to team-teaching and to unleash and see the practicality of multi- and interdisciplinary approaches that combine e.g. biology and philosophy. Abstract abilities, like literacy or numeracy, become feasible given the proper environment, context, setting.	Minute 45:40
4.	Empathy	Superseding logic and engaging in feeling and intuition.
5.	Play	Bringing humor and light-heartedness to work, business and products.
6.	Meaning	Context, significance, immaterial abstract feelings and values and impact of situations, people and products.

Source: ► Audio interview with Daniel Pink danpink.com (*1964) US American motivational speaker, chief speech writer
of US vice president Al Gore (1995-1997), visionary author, Dan Pink on How Half Your Brain Can Save Your Job,
presented by The Library of Economics and Liberty ECONTALK, host Russ Roberts, 1:07:13 duration, aired 11. June 2007

See also: ► Thinking and ► Fairy tales and ► Benignity and ► Play and ► Purpose and ► Integration

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Innate goodness ⇔ innate badness

Changing views in regard to the basic human nature

Source	Time frame	Social enculturated concepts
Judeo·Christian·theology	1480·BC·present	Humans are born with original sin, awaiting salvation.⁵

Confucius	551-479 BC	Humanity as in kindness and respect/dignity (jen) is expressed in cardinal moral values, complete virtue that transpires between people.

Thomas Hobbes	1588-1679	"[Human] Life is nasty, brutish, and short." Hobbes reaffirmed the concept of Titus Maccius' '-"Homo homini lupus est."
John Locke	1632-1704	Humans are born with a blank slate, yet predisposed to acquire property.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	1646-1716	"This is the best of all possible worlds."
Voltaire [François-Marie Arouet]	1694-1778	Life is unpredictable and full of suffering.
Jean Jacques Rousseau	1712-1778	All humans are born good. It is civilization that chains humans, turns them evil.
Adam Smith	1723-1790	Humans are inclined for moral sentiment, yet autonomy driven, self-interest driven.
Immanuel Kant	1724-1804	"Sympathy as a good natured emotion is always blind and weak."
Jeremy Bentham	1748-1832	Humans desire to have pleasure, to avoid pain, driven by utilitarian desires.
Thomas Malthus	1766-1834	"We are doomed to an endless struggle in scarcity." Rationale for the East India Company to steal from the world.
Charles Darwin	1809-1882	Humans desire to secure their survival by reproducing themselves.
⚡ Sigmund Freud	1856-1939	Humans, coming from "a chain of generations of murderers", are born with the urge to kill and with an insatiable sexual drive, desiring to extinguish their libido.
⚡ Ayn Rand	1905-1982	"If any civilization is to survive, it is the morality of altruism that men have to reject."⁶

Mirror neurons research	1990s-present	Humans are soft-wired for belonging, empathy, sociability, attachment, affection, companionship.
Positive psychology Martin Seligman (*1942)	1998	Well-being is feeling good, having meaning, beneficial relationships, accomplishment.
Dacher Keltner (*1962)	2009	Humans are born to be good⁷, designed to care, survival of the kindest. ~~gratification of desire, maximizing of self-interest~~

Book recommendation: ► Rutger Bregman (*1988) Dutch historian, activist, author,
Humankind. A Hopeful History, Generic, 31. December 2019, 19. May 2020

Siehe auch: ► Angeborenes Gutsein ⇔ angeborene Schlechtigkeit

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Fairness study on altruism, empathy and ethics of animals – Frans de Waal

Empathy is expressed via two channels:

a) the body channel – the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and comfort another

b) the cognitive channel – the ability to take the perspective of another, to recontextualize.

Dutch Primatologist Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) performed a "Fairness study" on benign, self-aware animals. He and his colleague Sarah Brosnan tested the sense of altruism and morality with chimpanzees (apes), dogs and birds, and elephants.
Note on the mirror self-recognition: Next to humans do great apes, dogs, elephants, European magpies (birds), individual owls, bottlenose dolphins, orcas, have the ability to recognize themselves in the mirror.

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Reward division – Inequity aversion

When two capuchin monkeys – coopeative by nature and considered as the most intelligent New World monkeys – each received a cucumber treat, they performed the requested task in the lab many times in a row. If one of them was rewarded with higher valued grapes and the other one merely with cucumber – the latter felt cheated and soon started to protest by either refusing to further comply
or to eat the cucumber.

Smiling peaceful bonobo

Monkeys will accept and eat a piece of cucumber whenever they receive it, but not when they witness their partner getting a better deal. This reaction known as "inequity aversion" refutes the theory of profit-maximizing under all circumstances made by economy theorists who claim that greedy humans would invariably take whatever they can get.

What is morality based on? These are the two factors that always come out:
1. One is reciprocity, […] a sense of fairness,
2. and the other one is empathy and compassion.

Video presentation by Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, Moral behavior in animals, presented by TEDx Peachtree Talks, minute 3:10, 16:34 minutes duration, filmed November 2011, posted April 2012

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According to De Waal, human nature is the result of "tamed contradictions."

Book review: Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We Are, presented by The Science Shelf, Fred Bortz, 21. November 2013

Being both more systematically brutal than chimps and more empathic than bonobos, we are by far the most bipolar ape. Our societies are never completely peaceful, never completely competitive, never ruled by sheer selfishness, and never perfectly moral. Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, Our Inner Ape, Riverhead Hardcover,
6. October 2005

Sources featuring Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author
► Q&A Frans de Waal Answers Your Primate Questions, presented by the publication Freakonomics, 7. May 2008
► Video presentation Moral behavior in animals, presented by TEDx Peachtree Talks, minute 13:11, 16:34 minutes duration,
filmed November 2011, posted April 2012

See also: ► Animals and ► Politics and ► Compassion and ► Ethics

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Links zum Thema Empathie / Empathy

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Literatur

Prof. Fritz Breithaupt (*1967) deutscher Literatur-, Kultur- und Kognitionswissenschaftler, Publizist, Kulturen der Empathie, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Erstauflage Taschenbuch 18. Mai 2009
Arno Gruen (1923-2015) deutsch-schweizerischer Psychologe, Psychoanalytiker, Zivilisationskritiker, Schriftsteller, Dem Leben entfremdet. Warum wir wieder lernen müssen zu empfinden, Klett-Cott, 2013, 5. Auflage 17. Oktober 2014
Prof. Fritz Breithaupt (*1967) deutscher Literatur-, Kultur- und Kognitionswissenschaftler, Publizist, Die dunklen Seiten der Empathie, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Erstauflage 6. Februar 2017
Prof. Dr. med. Judith Orloff (*1951) US-amerikanische Psychiaterin, Universität von Kalifornien in Los Angeles, Sterbebegleiterin, Empathin, spirituelle Lehrerin, Autorin, Wenn dir alles unter die Haut geht. Das Überlebenshandbuch für Empathen und Hochsensible, Trinity, 1. Auflage 25. Mai 2018

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Literature (engl.)

Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author,
Our Inner Ape. A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We Are, Riverhead Books, reprint edition 1. August 2006
Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author,
The Age of Empathy. Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society, Crown, 1st edition 22. September 2009
Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D. (*1958) British professor of developmental psychopathology, departments of psychiatry and psychology, University of Cambridge, The Science of Evil. On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, Basic Books, 1st edition
4. September 2012
Elaine La Joie, US American shaman, certified life coach, author, The Empath and the Archetypal Drama Triangle (Empath as Archetype, Vol. 1), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 12. September 2012
Roman Krznaric, Ph.D., Australian-British professor of sociology and politics, Cambridge University, cultural thinker, founding faculty member of The School of Life, London, empathy expert and advisor to organizations (Oxfam and United Nations), author
- Empathy. A Handbook for Revolution, Ebury Digital, 6. February 2014
- Empathy. Why It Matters, and How to Get It, Perigee Trade, 4. November 2014
Matthieu Ricard (*1946) French molecular biologist, Buddhist monk, photographer, author, Altruism. The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World, Little, Brown and Company, 2. June 2015, Atlantic Books, London, 2015
Judith Orloff, M.D., Ph.D. (*1951) US American assistant professor of psychiatry, UCLA, empath, dying companion, lecturer, author, The Empath's Survival Guide. Life Strategies for Sensitive People, US American multimedia publishing company Sounds True, 4. April 2017
Daniel Goleman (*1946) US American psychologist, science journalist, author, Richard Davidson, Ph.D. (*1951) US American Vilas professor of psychology and psychiatry, Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Altered Traits. Science Reveals How Meditation Changes Your Mind, Brain, and Body, Avery, New York,
5. September 2017
Christiane Northrup, M.D. (*1949) US American obstetrician, advocate for women’s health, speaker, author, Dodging Energy Vampires. An Empath's Guide to Evading Relationships That Drain You and Restoring Your Health and Power, Hay House,
17. April 2018

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Externe Weblinks

Wikipedia-Einträge Empathie, Mitgefühl

Blogartikel Was ist ein Empath?, präsentiert von der Publikation Open Mind Akademie, Anne Heintze, undatiert
Artikel von Jan Moewes (*1944) deutscher Blogger, Autor, Der Verlust des Mitgefühls Am Anfang war Empathie. Und dann? – Eine Würdigung der Forschung Arno Gruens, präsentiert von der deutschen kulturkreativen Zeitschrift oya online, Woche 13, 2012
Interview mit Arno Gruen (1923-2015) deutsch-schweizerischer Psychologe, Psychoanalytiker, Zivilisationskritiker, Schriftsteller, Streiter für das Mitgefühl, präsentiert von der überregionalen deutschen Zeitung Die Tageszeitung (taz), Edith Kresta,
8. August 2013

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External web links (engl.)

Wikipedia entries Empathy, Compassion

Article Touching Empathy. Lack of physical affection can actually kill babies., presented by the US American bimonthly magazine Psychology Today, Maia Szalavitz, 1. March 2010
Article Rats to the Rescue in Cage Experiment, presented by the US American daily newspaper The New York Times,
Sindya N. Bhanoo, 9. December 2011

Rats are empathetic animals who care to free their trapped comrades. They are willing to share uneven food supplies. Female rats top
the empathy rate of male rats.

Adapted blog article by Judith Orloff, M.D., Ph.D. (*1951) US American assistant professor of psychiatry, UCLA, empath, dying companion, lecturer, author, Celebrating the Highly Sensitive Man, presented by Dr Judith Orloff's Blog,
16. May 2013
Article by Roman Krznaric, Ph.D., Australian-British professor of sociology and politics, Cambridge University, cultural thinker, founding faculty member of The School of Life, London, empathy expert and advisor to organizations (Oxfam and United Nations), author, Six Habits of Highly Empathic People, presented by the publication Daily Good, syndicated from the Greater Good Science Center, UC Berkeley, California, 25. August 2013
Article 23 Signs You're Secretly a Narcissist Masquerading as a Sensitive Introvert, presented by the US American monthly magazine Scientific American, Scott Barry Kaufman (*1979) US American humanistic psychologist, scientific director of the Imagination Institute in the Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, science writer researching intelligence, personality, and creativity, 26. August 2013
Article by Dr. Jane McGregor, British lecturer, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, author, Tim McGregor, British health practitioner, Empathic people are natural targets for sociopaths – protect yourself, presented by the journal Addiction Today, reissued by the publication Sott.net, 30. October 2013
Article The Empathy Trap. Putting yourself in someone else's shoes is good, but not when it becomes the default mode of relating to others. Too much empathy can blind you to your own needs., presented by the US American bimonthly magazine Psychology Today, Robin Stern, Ph.D., Diane Divecha, Ph.D., published 4. May 2015
Article What Neuroscience Can Teach Us About Compassion, presented by the international liberal-left commentary outlet HuffPost UK, Carolyn Gregoire, 14. May 2014
Blog article by Judith Orloff, M.D., Ph.D. (*1951) US American assistant professor of psychiatry, UCLA, empath, dying companion, lecturer, author, The Differences Between Highly Sensitive People and Empaths, presented by the US American bimonthly magazine Psychology Today, The Empath's Survival Guide, 3. June 2017
Article Psychologists have identified the kind of emotional intelligence that makes internet trolls so mean, presented by the
US American online portal Quartz, Cassie Werber, 4. July 2017

Study linked psychopathic traits and higher cognitive empathy levels to people who are likely to troll.

Blog article People who deeply grasp the pain or happiness of others also process music differently in the brain, presented by SMU Research news, 11. June 2018
Blog article LeadThere Are Actually 3 Types of Empathy. Understanding the 3 types of empathy can help you build stronger, healthier relationships., presented by the blogspot Inc.com, Justin Bariso, author, 19. September 2018
Q&A contribution What are some tips to effectively and appropriately establish boundaries with people, how to prevent breaches of set boundaries?, presented on the Californian question-and-answer website Quora, Elfriede Ammann, reference to Brené Brown, 97 views · 1 upvote, 6. December 2018
Article The difference between empaths, highly sensitive people, and introverts, presented by the US American news website Insider, Lindsay Dodgson, 7. January 2019
Blog article by H.G. Tudor, The 7 Sins of the Empath's Self-Doubt, 27. February 2019

1. Is it actually my fault?
2. Did I love him enough?
3. Was I wrong to leave?
4. Should I have given him another chance?
5. What if someone else makes him happy?
6. Maybe I didn’t help him as much as I could have
7. Did I deserve it?

Linkless articles

Article featuring Helen Riess, M.D., Emotions Are Not Taught, They're Caught, presented by the publication MiddCORE, 25. January 2013

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Audio- und Videolinks

Fernsehdokumentation und Diskussionsrunde zum Thema Empathie Über Entstehung und Verlust des Mitgefühls, präsentiert von dem deutschsprachigen öffentlich-rechtlichen Fernsehsender 3Sat, Sendung Scobel, Gastgeber und Moderator Gert Scobel (*1959) deutscher Philosoph, Fernsehmoderator, Journalist, Autor, Gastdiskutierende: Prof. Sebastian Murken, Religionswissenschaftler und Psychologe, Universitäten Marburg und Trier, Dr. Nahlah Saimeh, Psychiaterin, Westfälisches Zentrum für forensische Psychiatrie, Prof. Tania Singer, Neurowissenschaftlerin, Universität Zürich, YouTube Film Mitgefühl – Entstehung und Verlust, 58:38 Minuten Dauer, Erstsendetermin 29. Oktober 2009, eingestellt 26. November 2011
- Videointerview (Sendungsausschnitt) mit Arno Gruen (1923-2015) deutsch-schweizerischer Psychologe, Psychoanalytiker, Zivilisationskritiker, Schriftsteller, Über Empathie, präsentiert von dem deutschsprachigen öffentlich-rechtlichen Fernsehsender 3Sat, Sendung Scobel, Gastgeber und Moderator Gert Scobel (*1959) deutscher Philosoph, Fernsehmoderator, Journalist, Autor, YouTube Film, 12:36 Minuten Dauer, eingestellt 17. März 2013
Videointerview mit Dr. Hans-Joachim Maaz (*1943) deutscher Psychiater, ärztlicher Psychoanalytiker, Autor, Empathie und Narzissmus, präsentiert von Deutsch-Amerikanisches Institut (DAI), Heidelberg, Gastgeber Adrian Gillmann, Vorlauf zur Konferenz Empathie, 24. Oktober 2015, YouTube Film, 16:38 Minuten Dauer, eingestellt 23. Oktober 2015

Selbstverständnis – als Basis für Empathie – wird durch gute frühkindliche Bindung und Beziehungsspiegelung erworben. Gestörte Empathie verursacht narzisstische Störungen, die wiederum Empathie auslöschen. Durch die narzisstischen Defizite fehlt Empathie für individuelle Konflikte und soziale Ungerechtigkeiten. Empathiemangel ist die Quelle aller Fehlentwicklungen.

Videointerview mit Prof. Dr. Christian Schubert (*1961) deutscher Mediziner, Psychologe, Autor, Kulturrevolution JETZT – Die Befreiung des Geistes, mit Prof. Christian Schubert, präsentiert von der Plattform Ökonomie der Menschlichkeit, Initiator und Gastgeber Georg Dygruber, YouTube Film, 33:32 Minuten Dauer, eingestellt 11. Mai 2023

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Audio and video links (engl.)

Video presentation by William R. Miller, Ph.D., US American professor of psychology and psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, author, Motivational Interviewing: Facilitating Change Across Boundaries, presented at Fourth Annual Health Disparities Conference, sponsored by Teachers College, Columbia University, 6. March 2009, YouTube film, 9:32 minutes duration, 22. October 2009

Empathic therapists have the highest success rate with alcohol addicts.

Video presentation by George Lakoff (*1941) US American professor of cognitive linguistics, UC Berkeley, co-founder of the think tank Rockridge Institute, author, presented at the "World Changing Careers Conference", Vancouver, July 2009, YouTube film, posted 8./9./10. July 2010
- Frameworks, Empathy and Sustainability, part 1, 9:51 minutes duration
- Frameworks, Empathy and Sustainability, part 2, 9:57 minutes duration
- Frameworks, Empathy and Sustainability, part 3, 9:56 minutes duration
- Frameworks, Empathy and Sustainability, part 4, 9:54 minutes duration
- Frameworks, Empathy and Sustainability, part 5, 9:35 minutes duration
- Frameworks, Empathy and Sustainability, part 6, 7:11 minutes duration
Video presentation by Jeremy Rifkin (*1945) US American economist, political advisor and activist, founder and president
of the Foundation On Economic Trends, public speaker, author, The Big Idea of the 21st Century: The Empathic Civilization, presented by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, YouTube film, 51:45 minutes duration, posted 18. March 2010
- Video animation and narration Jeremy Rifkin (*1945) US American economist, political advisor and activist, founder
  and president of the Foundation On Economic Trends, public speaker, author, The Empathic Civilisation, presented by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce,
  YouTube film, 10:39 minutes duration, posted 6. May 2010

Empathy and mirror neurons

Video presentation by Mario Martinez, PsyD, Uruguaian clinical neuropsychologist, contemplative psychologist, psycho-neuroimmunologist, author, Compassion: Our Most Evolved Emotion, sponsored by Caroline Myss Education Institute (CMED), 2004, YouTube film, 12:26 minutes duration, posted 30. May 2013

Effects of compassion vs. cynicism on the immune system; Hoffman's precursors to empathy, gratitude and the empathic leap

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Audio and video links (engl.) – Brené Brown

Video presentation including Q&A by Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, RSA Replay – The Power of Vulnerability, presented by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London, United Kingdom, YouTube film, 1:01:27 duration, recorded and posted 4. July 2013
- Video animation by the illustration website gobblynne featuring Brené Brown, Ph.D., LMSW (*1965) US American shame, vulnerability, empathy researcher, Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, public speaker, author, RSA Shorts – The Power of Empathy, presented by RSA Animate RSA Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, London, United Kingdom, recorded 4. July 2013, YouTube film, 2:53 minutes duration, posted 10. December 2013

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Audio and video links (engl.) – Frans de Waal

Video interview with Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, Frans De Waal Says Primates Can Teach Us A Great Deal About The Origins Of Justice, Power And Morality, presented by the US American web portal Big Think, Science & Tech, 12:16 minutes duration, recorded 16. July 2009
Video interview with Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, The Age of Empathy, YouTube film, 5:15 minutes duration, posted 14. October 2009
Video interview with Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, A conversation between Frans de Waal and Carl Zimmer (playlist), presented by Templeton Foundation, Templeton Book Forum, sponsored by the US American general audience science magazine Discover, host Carl Zimmer, YouTube film, posted 25. January 2010
- Chimpanzees, aggression, and reconciliation, clip 1, 7:04 minutes duration
- Cucumbers versus grapes – and the idea of fairness, clip 2, 3:38 minutes duration
- The origins of empathy in maternal care, clip 3, 4:44 minutes duration
- Alpha male to the rescue, clip 4, 4:48 minutes duration
- The neuroscience of compassion, clip 5, 3:08 minutes duration
- Empathy as a physiological response, clip 6, 3:48 minutes duration
- Good Samaritans in a hurry, clip 7, 2:51 minutes duration
- Social Darwinism and the lessons of evolution, clip 8, 5:16 minutes duration

Europeans are appalled by the extent of Social Darwinism in United States (as promoted by philosopher, sociologist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Minute 0:38
Competition and self-interest, fear and greed, implemented into societal structures; failed example: convicted CEO of the Enron Corporation Jeffrey Keith Skilling (*1953), who was a fan of Richard Dawkins' "The Selfish Gene" Minute 4:19

The dark side of empathy, clip 9, 1:49 minutes duration

Video interview with Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, Empathy – expressed by animals and humans, presented by The Center for Building a Culture of Empathy,
host Edwin Rutsch, US American founder of Culture Of Empathy, YouTube film, 21:05 minutes duration, posted 9. May 2011

Gender differences in regard to empathy Minute 11:54
US American self-interest ⇔ American generosity Minute 13:25

Video presentation by Frans de Waal, Ph.D. (*1948) Dutch US American Candler professor of psychology and primate behavior, director of Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, biologist, ethologist, speaker, author, Morality without Religion, presented by TEDx Peachtree Talks, YouTube film, 18:15 minutes duration, posted 21. November 2011

Issues of cooperation, reconciliation, sense of fairness, rudiments of morality, civility to heart

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Interne Links

Englisch Wiki

Hawkins

¹ Paulus von Tarsus lehrte die Erbsünde in: Römer 3:10-18, Römer 3:23-24, Römer 5:8-19, Römer 6:23, Römer 7:5-23, Römer 8:7, Epheser 2:1-3, 1 Korinther 15:22; Jesus lehrte, dass Kinder nicht als Sünder geboren werden: Markus 10:13-16, Matthäus 18:3 und Lukas 18:16-17. ⇑

² Die beste aller möglichen Welten ⇑

³ Vorlesung Faith and Force. The Destroyers of the Modern World, Yale University, 17. Februar 1960, veröffentlicht als Pamphlet von dem Nathaniel Branden Institute, 1967 ⇑

⁴ Buchempfehlung Born to Be Good. The Science of a Meaningful Life, W.W. Norton & Company, 12. Januar 2009 ⇑

⁵ Paul of Tarsus taught the original sin in: Romans 3:10-18, Romans 3:23-24, Romans 5:8-19, Romans 6:23, Romans 7:5-23, Romans 8:7, Ephesians 2:1-3, 1 Corinthians 15:22; Jesus taught that the children are not born sinners: Mark 10:13-16, Matthew 18:3 and Luke 18:16-17 ⇑

⁶ Lecture Faith and Force. The Destroyers of the Modern World, lecture, Yale University, 17. February 1960, published as a pamphlet, Nathaniel Branden Institute, 1967 ⇑

⁷ Born to Be Good. The Science of a Meaningful Life, W.W. Norton & Company, 12. January 2009 ⇑

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